Table 2.

Out-of-home placement at 3 years

	RR	95% CI
Unadjusted risk ratio (PSE vs. not)	2.76	2.62, 2.91**
Adjusted risk ratio (PSE vs. not)	2.16	2.05, 2.29**
Covariates
Maternal race and ethnicity (ref. = non-Hispanic white)
Non-Hispanic Black	0.94	0.87, 1.02
Asian and Pacific Islander	0.65	0.54, 0.79**
Native American or Alaska Native	1.12	0.92, 1.35
All other races	1.02	0.90, 1.17
U.S.-born Hispanic	0.90	0.84, 0.96*
Foreign-born Hispanic	0.54	0.48, 0.61**
Maternal age at birth (ref. = 25 − 34)
< 20	1.28	1.13, 1.46**
20–24	1.21	1.13, 1.29**
≥ 35	0.89	0.83, 0.97*
Birth payment method (ref. = private)
Public	1.36	1.25, 1.47**
Prenatal care (ref. = first trimester)
Second trimester	1.09	1.02, 1.16
Third trimester, none, or missing	1.30	1.21, 1.41**
Parity (ref. = first birth)
Second or third birth	1.33	1.23, 1.44**
Fourth or higher birth	1.90	1.75, 2.08**
Paternity (ref. = established)
Missing	1.98	1.88, 2.09**
Low birth weight (ref. = ≥ 2500 g)
< 2500 g	1.17	1.09, 1.26**

Maternal Hispanic ethnicity was coded across all racial groups

P-value **<0.001; *<0.01