Table 1.
Characteristics of participants, stratified by smoking during pregnancy and postpartum
| Study characteristics stratified by smoking during the last three months of pregnancy | Study characteristics stratified by smoking now (N = Count Value) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Variable | Sample N (Weighted %) | No Smoking N = 21,990 (91.1%)** |
Yes Smoking N = 1,841 (8.9%)** |
P value* | No Smoking N = 21,142 (87.3%)** |
Yes Smoking N = 2,678 (12.7%)** |
P value* |
| Partner-related life event | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
| No | 16,998 (72.2) | 15,970 (74.3) | 914 (50.7) | 15,484 (74.9) | 1,397 (53.7) | ||
| Yes | 6.834 (27.8) | 5,877 (25.7) | 905 (49.3) | 5,522 (25.1) | 1,255 (46.3) | ||
| Trauma-related life event | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
| No | 20,534 (85.5) | 19,323 (88.1) | 1,066 (59.3) | 18,719 (88.6) | 1,664 (64.2) | ||
| Yes | 3,285 (14.5) | 2,512 (11.9) | 752 (40.7) | 2,275 (11.4) | 987 (35.8) | ||
| Emotional-related life event | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
| No | 16,586 (68.8) | 15,495 (70.1) | 976 (55.5) | 15,002 (70.7) | 1,469 (56) | ||
| Yes | 7,247 (31.2) | 6,352 (29.9) | 844 (44.5) | 6,005 (29.3) | 1,183 (44) | ||
| Financial-related life event | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
| No | 16,119 (69) | 15,177 (71.3) | 831 (45.3) | 14,722 (71.9) | 1,287 (49.2) | ||
| Yes | 7,700 (31) | 6,659 (28.7) | 987 (54.7) | 6,272 (28.1) | 1,365 (50.8) | ||
| Number of stressors | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
| No stress | 9,534 (40.2) | 9,163 (42.4) | 301 (17.2) | 9,163 (42.4) | 301 (17.2) | ||
| 1–3 stressors | 11,076 (46.4) | 10,155 (46.5) | 853 (45.9) | 10,155 (46.5) | 853 (45.9) | ||
| 4–6 stressors | 2,687 (11.2) | 2,182 (9.6) | 479 (27.2) | 2,182 (9.6) | 479 (27.2) | ||
| More than 7 stressors | 556 (2.28 | 367 (1.6) | 187 (9.7) | 367 (1.6) | 187 (9.7) | ||
| Race/Ethnicity | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 6,906 (17.1) | 6,203 (17.4) | 562 (14.3) | 5,890 (17.1) | 872 (16.7) | ||
| Non-Hispanic White | 9,427 (64.2) | 8,301 (63.1) | 1,016 (76.2) | 7,935 (63.1) | 1,377 (72.5) | ||
| Hispanic | 4,480 (12.9) | 4,255 (13.6) | 153 (5.2) | 4,127 (13.8) | 278 (6.7) | ||
| Non-Hispanic AI/AN | 299 (1.07) | 236 (0.9) | 58 (2.7) | 219 (0.8) | 75 (2.5) | ||
| Non-Hispanic Asian | 1,998 (3.9) | 1,933 (4.2) | 29 (1.1) | 1,913 (4.3) | 49 (1.2) | ||
| Non-Hispanic Other | 327 (0.80) | 304 (0.8) | 15 (0.5) | 304 (0.9) | 14 (0.4) | ||
| Education | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
| less than 12 years | 2,953 (11.1) | 2,423 (9.8) | 464 (23.5) | 2,270 (9.4) | 614 (21.7) | ||
| 12 years | 5,682 (24.1) | 4,845 (22.3) | 720 (41.7) | 4,514 (21.5) | 1,052 (41.8) | ||
| over 12 | 15,374 (64.8) | 14,533 (67.9) | 652 (34.8) | 14,179 (69.1) | 997 (36.4) | ||
| Maternal age | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
| Younger than 20 | 1,077 (4.03) | 968 (4.0) | 78 (3.8) | 911 (3.8) | 135 (5.1) | ||
| 20–24 | 4,257 (18.1) | 3,756 (17.4) | 415 (24.5) | 3,508 (16.9) | 661 (26.0) | ||
| 25–34 | 14,270 (60) | 12,979 (60.1) | 1,096 (59.7) | 12,515 (60.4) | 1,551 (57.3) | ||
| 35 or over | 4,605 (17.9) | 4,287 (18.5) | 252 (11.9) | 4,208 (18.8) | 331 (11.5) | ||
| Marital status | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
| Not married | 10,667 (40) | 9,025 (36.4) | 1,431 (75.6) | 8,418 (35.2) | 2,034 (72.2) | ||
| Married | 13,530 (60) | 12,956 (63.6) | 407 (24.4) | 12,715 (64.8) | 641 (27.8) | ||
| Insurance while pregnant | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
| Private | 10,232 (51.2) | 9,899 (43) | 220 (14.8) | 9,735 (56.3) | 384 (18.1) | ||
| Medicaid | 11,769 (46.8) | 10.091 (54.9) | 1,466 (83.9) | 9.470 (41.7) | 2,078 (80.7) | ||
| None | 416 (1.9) | 380 (2.04) | 27 (1.3) | 375 (2.1) | 32 (1.2) | ||
| WIC | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
| No | 13.666 (64.4) | 12,870 (67) | 607 (37.7) | 12,595 (68.2) | 883 (38.9) | ||
| Yes | 10,149 (35.6) | 8,769 (33) | 1,199 (62.3) | 8,218 (31.8) | 1,738 (61.1) | ||
| Parity | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
| 0 | 9,388 (38.7) | 8,793 (40.1) | 456 (24.6) | 8,484 (40.2) | 760 (28.7) | ||
| 1 or more | 14,780 (61.3) | 13,163 (59.9) | 1,379 (75.4) | 12,624 (59.8) | 1,912 (71.3) | ||
| IPV | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
| No | 23,331 (98.1) | 21,479 (98.6) | 1,662 (92.7) | 20,666 (98.7) | 2,468 (94.4) | ||
| Yes | 484 (1.87) | 337 (1.4) | 141 (7.3) | 312 (1.3) | 165 (5.6) | ||
| State | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
| CT | 5,401 (22.3) | 5,098 (12.0) | 224 (6.6) | 4,949 (12.2) | 372 (7.0) | ||
| LA | 3,713 (15.3) | 3,356 (20.3) | 324 (21.6) | 3,154 (19.8) | 527 (24.5) | ||
| MA | 5,867 (24.2) | 5,599 (24.4) | 194 (12.3) | 5,477 (24.7) | 316 (13.6) | ||
| MO | 4,709 (19.5) | 4,008 (22.5) | 643 (35.3) | 3,792 (22.1) | 854 (34.1) | ||
| WI | 4,519 (18.7) | 3,929 (20.8) | 456 (24.1) | 3,770 (21.1) | 609 (20.9) | ||
| Maternal morbidity | < 0.001 | < 0.001 | |||||
| No | 14,962 (64) | 14,026 (65.8) | 799 (45.6) | 13,599 (66.4) | 1,224 (47.6) | ||
| Yes | 9,076 (36) | 7,959 (34.2) | 1,042 (54.4) | 7,538 (33.6) | 1,454 (52.4) | ||
* Significance is < 0.05; **Percentages are rounded and may not equal 100
AI/AN: American Indian/ Alaska Native
CT: Connecticut
IPV: Intimate partner violence
LA: Louisiana
MA: Massachusetts
MO: Missouri
N: count value
WI: Wisconsin
WIC: Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children