Table 2.

Association between stressful life events and smoking

	Model 1: During Pregnancy				Model 2: Postpartum
	Unadjusted		Adjusted*		Unadjusted		Adjusted*
Stressful Life Event	PR (95% CI)	P value**	PR (95% CI)	P value**	PR (95% CI)	P value**	PR (95% CI)	P value**
Partner-related life event	2.53 (2.25–2.83)	< 0.001	1.44 (1.28–1.62)	< 0.001	2.24 (2.04–2.45)	< 0.001	1.36 (1.24–1.50)	< 0.001
Trauma-related life event	4.06 (3.63–4.54)	< 0.001	2.01 (1.79–2.27)	< 0.001	3.30 (3.01–3.61)	< 0.001	1.80 (1.64–1.98)	< 0.001
Emotional-related life event	1.77 (1.58–1.99)	< 0.001	1.44 (1.29–1.61)	< 0.001	1.73 (1.56–1.90)	< 0.001	1.44 (1.32–1.58)	< 0.001
Financial-related life event	2.69 (2.39–3.01)	< 0.001	1.48 (1.31–1.67)	< 0.001	2.30 (2.10–2.52)	< 0.001	1.34 (1.22–1.48)	< 0.001
Number of Stressors
No stress	Reference		Reference		Reference		Reference
1–3 stressors	2.30 (1.95–2.72)	< 0.001	1.66 (1.40–1.96)	< 0.001	2.15 (1.89–2.45)	< 0.001	1.62 (1.42–1.84)	< 0.001
4–6 stressors	5.70 (4.78–6.80)	< 0.001	2.46 (2.04–2.96)	< 0.001	4.76 (4.15–5.47)	< 0.001	2.24 (1.94–2.60)	< 0.001
More than 7 stressors	9.94 (8.09–12.20)	< 0.001	3.31 (2.64–4.15)	< 0.001	7.04 (5.93–8.37)	< 0.001	2.68 (2.22–3.23)	< 0.001

* Adjusted for education, maternal age, insurance during pregnancy, WIC, parity, intimate partner violence

** Significance is < 0.05

CI: confidence interval

PR: prevalence ratio