Table 1.
Study characteristics
| Author | Year | Study design |
No. of patients |
Men (%) | No. of AL (%) | Indication for surgery | Bowel preparation | Antibiotics | Diverting ileostomy | Drain |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Anderson et al. [34] | 2021 | Descriptive | 19 | 10 (53) | 19 (100) | IBD, cancer, other | - | - | - | - |
| Baker et al. [35] | 2022 | Case–control | 46,735 | 22,354 (48) | 1,449 (3) | Diverticular disease, cancer, IBD, bleeding, perforation, other | NS | NS | - | - |
| Bilgin et al. [36] | 2017 | Case–control | 50 | 35 (70) | 7 (14) | Rectal cancer | Oral, enema | IV | - | X |
| Calu et al. [37] | 2019 | Descriptive | 320 | 181 (57) | 19 (6) | Colorectal cancer | Oral | Oral, IV | (X) | - |
| Fouda et al. [38] | 2011 | Case–control | 56 | 40 (71) | 8 (14) | Rectal cancer | Oral | IV | (X) | - |
| Jin et al. [39] | 2022 | Case–control | 34 | 19 (56) | 17 (50) | Colorectal cancer | ||||
| Komen et al. [40] | 2014 | Case–control | 243 | 135 (54) | 19 (8) | Colorectal cancer, IBD, ischemic colitis | NS | NS | (X) | X |
| Li et al. [41] | 2019 | Case–control | 37 | 19 (51) | 7 (19) | Colorectal cancer | - | - | - | (X) |
| Lohsiriwat and Assawasirisin [42] | 2020 | Descriptive | 4,357 | NA | 84 (2) | Colorectal cancer | - | - | (X) | (X) |
| Mima et al. [43] | 2020 | Case–control | 256 | 152 (59) | 29 (11) | Colorectal cancer | Oral | IV | (X) | (X) |
| Palmisano et al. [44] | 2020 | Case–control | 21 | 11 (52) | 5 (24) | Colorectal cancer | Oral | - | - | - |
| Reuvers et al. [45] | 2022 | Case–control | 223 | 136 (61) | 20 (9) | Colorectal cancer | Orala | IV, SDD | - | - |
| Sparreboom et al. [46] | 2019 | Case–control | 292 | 193 (66) | 38 (13) | Colorectal cancer | - | Oral | (X) | X |
| Tominaga et al. [47] | 2022 | Case–control | 243 | 126 (52) | 16 (7) | Colorectal cancer | - | - | (X) | X |
| van Praagh et al. [48]b | 2019 | Case–control | 59 | 45 (76) | 10 (17) | Colorectal cancer, diverticular disease, other | - | Oral | (X) | (X) |
AL anastomotic leakage, IBD inflammatory bowel disease, NS not specified (the use of bowel preparation and antibiotic administration is stated, but not specified), IV intravenous, (X) drain/diverting ileostomy present in some but not all patients, NA not available, SDD selective decontamination of the digestive tract (the patients were randomized to either standard intravenous antibiotic prophylaxis (control group) or standard intravenous antibiotic prophylaxis plus per oral colistin, tobramycin, and amphotericin B for three days before surgery)
aOnly for left-sided or rectal resections
bThis study was a substudy of the C-seal trial [49], in which half of the patients had an intraluminal biodegradable soft sheath (C-seal) stapled to the anastomosis (only the patients without the C-seal were included in this review)