Table 2.

Sample material, time of collection, and study methods

Author	Year	Sample material				Time of collection	Methods
		Feces	Drain	Mucosa	Abdomen		Culture	NGS	qPCR	CDI
Anderson et al. [34]	2021		X		Xa	Peri/Post	X
Baker et al. [35]	2022	X				Post				X
Bilgin et al. [36]	2017		X			Post	X
Calu et al. [37]	2019	X				Post				X
Fouda et al. [38]	2011		X			Post	X
Jin et al. [39]	2022	Xb				Post		X
Komen et al. [40]	2014		X			Post			X
Li et al. [41]	2019			Xc		Peri		X
Lohsiriwat et al. [42]	2020				Xd	Peri	X
Mima et al. [43]	2020			Xe		Peri			X
Palmisano et al. [44]	2020	Xf				Pre		X
Reuvers et al. [45]	2022			Xg		Peri		X
Sparreboom et al. [46]	2019		X			Post			X
Tominaga et al. [47]	2022		X			Post	X
van Praagh et al. [48]	2019			Xh		Peri		X

Pre preoperative, Peri perioperative, Post postoperative, NGS next-generation sequencing, qPCR quantitative polymerase chain reaction, CDI Clostridioides difficile immunochemical assay

^aSample material not specified

^bFrom the first postoperative defecation

^cAdjacent to the surgical margin

^dFrom fluid/abscess/debris

^eBoth from colorectal carcinoma tissue and 5–10 from the edge of tumor

^fAt the time of the first medical examination

^gPerioperative rectal swab

^hFrom donut tissue after circular stapling