Table 2.
Summary of studies on the role of MSC-EVs in NAFLD and UC
| No | Diseases | Title of study | Outcomes | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| 1 | NAFLD | Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell-secreted extracellular vesicles alleviate non-alcoholic fatty liver disease via delivering miR-223-3p | Amelioration of NAFLD and dwindling of lipid accumulation and HF via miR-223-3p-mediated E2F1 downregulation | (Niu et al. 2022) |
| Development of a non-alcoholic steatohepatitis model with rapid accumulation of fibrosis, and its treatment using mesenchymal stem cells and their small extracellular vesicles | Attenuating of NASH via reducing of inflammation and fibrosis | (Watanabe et al. 2020) | ||
| Human umbilical cord-derived mesenchymal stem cell-exosomal miR-627-5p ameliorates non-alcoholic fatty liver disease by repressing FTO expression | Improving of glucose and lipid metabolism and alleviating of hepatic damage through miR-627-5p-mediated FTO repressing, thereby ameliorating of NAFLD progression | (Cheng et al. 2021) | ||
| Upregulation of miR-96-5p by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and their exosomes alleviate non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: Emphasis on caspase-2 signaling inhibition | Upregulation of miR-96-5p that impedes caspase-2 which has a key role in inhibition of hyperlipidaemia, lowering NAFLD, hepatic apoptosis and mitochondrial mitophagy | (El-Derany and AbdelHamid 2021) | ||
| Exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells ameliorate experimental non-alcoholic steatohepatitis via Nrf2/NQO-1 pathway | Stimulation of Nrf2/NQO-1 pathway, thus amending of NASH-associated hepatic inflammation, lipid metabolism and oxidative stress | (Kang et al. 2022) | ||
| Mesenchymal stem cells-derived exosomal miR-24-3p ameliorates non-alcohol fatty liver disease by targeting Keap-1 | Amending of NAFLD by miR-24-3p delivery, which inhibited metabolic stress-induced oxidative stress, lipid accumulation, and inflammatory response by targeting Keap-1 | (Du et al. 2022) | ||
| Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell-derived exosomes ameliorate liver steatosis by promoting fatty acid oxidation and reducing fatty acid synthesis | Preventing of NAFLD via CAMKK1-mediated lipid homoeostasis | (Yang et al. 2023) | ||
| Extracellular Vesicles from Amnion-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells Ameliorate Hepatic Inflammation and Fibrosis in Rats | Mitigating of NASH by reducing of inflammation and fibrosis | (Ohara et al. 2018) | ||
| Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stromal cell-derived exosomes protect against MCD-induced NASH in a mouse model | Alleviating of NASH by augmenting of the anti-inflammatory phenotype of macrophages and upregulating of PPARα protein expression | (Shi et al. 2022) | ||
| 2 | UC | Exosomes Derived from Human Umbilical Cord Mesenchymal Stem Cells Relieve Inflammatory Bowel Disease in Mice | Mitigation of DSS-induced IBD via suppressing of IL-7 expression in macrophages which alleviate inflammatory responses | (Mao et al. 2017) |
| Exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells alleviate inflammatory bowel disease in mice through ubiquitination | Repairing damaged tissue in the colon and spleen, ameliorating of DSS-induced IBD via inhibition of ubiquitination | (Wu et al. 2018) | ||
| HucMSC-exosomes carrying miR-326 inhibit neddylation to relieve inflammatory bowel disease in mice | Inhibition of neddylation process-induced NF-ĸB activation and relieving DSS-induced IBD via miR-326 | (Wang et al. 2020) | ||
| hucMSC-derived exosomes attenuate colitis by regulating macrophage pyroptosis via the miR-378a-5p/NLRP3 axis | Improving IBD by inhibiting macrophage pyroptosis via the miR-378a-5p/NLRP3 axis | (Cai et al. 2021) | ||
| A novel therapeutic approach for inflammatory bowel disease by exosomes derived from human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells to repair intestinal barrier via TSG-6 | Protecting against IBD through restoring intestinal mucosal barrier function and homeostasis of the intestinal immune system via TSG-6 | (Yang et al. 2021) | ||
| Olfactory Ecto-Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes Ameliorate Experimental Colitis via Modulating Th1/Th17 and Treg Cell Responses | Inhibition of T-cells proliferation and differentiation, endorsing of activated T-cells apoptosis as well as inducing of Tregs cells and eventually alleviating of colitis and promoting the repair of damaged intestinal tissues | (Tian et al. 2020) | ||
| Extracellular vesicles containing miR-146a attenuate experimental colitis by targeting TRAF6 and IRAK1 | Assuaging of colitis by targeting TRAF6 and IRAK1 expression via miR-146a | (Wu et al. 2019) | ||
| Extracellular vesicles derived from bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells attenuate dextran sodium sulfate-induced ulcerative colitis by promoting M2 macrophage polarization | Diminishing of the inflammation in DSS-induced UC by endorsing M2 macrophage polarization via modulating the JAK1/STAT1/STAT6 axis | (Cao et al. 2019) | ||
| Adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cell-secreted exosome alleviates dextran sulfate sodium-induced acute colitis by Treg cell induction and inflammatory cytokine reduction | Reduction of Th17 production, and arousing the Treg cells percentage, and thus ameliorating acute colitis | (Heidari et al. 2021) | ||
| Human Adipose Mesenchymal Stem Cell-derived Exosomes Protect Mice from DSS-Induced Inflammatory Bowel Disease by Promoting Intestinal-stem-cell and Epithelial Regeneration | Homing to the inflammatory sites of the colorectal tissue, inhibiting inflammatory cell infiltration and colonic inflammation, preventing alterations of colon length and crypt loss, preventing rectal bleeding and reducing histological scores of DAI | (Yu et al. 2021) |
CAMKK1 calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase 1, DAI Disease Activity Index, DSS dextran sulfate sodium, FTO fat mass and obesity-associated gene, HF hepatic fibrosis, HucMSC human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cell, IBD irritable bowel disease, IL-7 interleukin-7, IRAK1 IL-1 receptor-associated kinase 1, JAK1 Janus kinase 1, Keap1 Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1, NAFLD non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, NASH non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, NF-ĸB nuclear factor-kappa B, NLRP3 NOD-like receptor family, pyrin domain containing 3, Nrf2 nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2, NQO-1 NADPH quinone oxidoreductase 1, MCD methionine–choline-deficient diet, miR microRNA, PPARα Peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor alpha, STAT signal transducer and activator of transcription, Th1 Type 1 T-helper, Th17 T-helper 17, TRAF6 TNF receptor-associated factor 6, Treg Regulatory T cells, TSG-6 tumour necrosis factor-α stimulated gene 6, UC ulcerative colitis