Table 2.
Association of financial barriers to healthcare with emergency department visits in the following year (N=4465)
| Average Marginal Effects (95% Confidence Interval) | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||
| Without IPTWs | With IPTWs | |||
|
| ||||
| Bivariate | Multivariate a | IPTWs only | Doubly Robust | |
|
| ||||
| Financial Barriers (ref: No) | ||||
| Yes | 0.078** (0.02 – 0.14) | 0.014 (−0.05 – 0.08) | 0.005 (−0.05 – 0.06) | 0.007 (−0.05 – 0.06) |
| Age (ref: <65) | ||||
| 65 – 74 | −0.078** (−0.14 – −0.01) | −0.142*** (−0.21 – −0.08) | ||
| 75 – 84 | −0.022 (−0.08 – 0.03) | −0.076** (−0.14 – −0.02) | ||
| 85+ | 0.050 (−0.02 – 0.12) | 0.000 (−0.07 – 0.07) | ||
| Sex (ref: Male) | ||||
| Female | −0.015 (−0.06 – 0.03) | −0.036 (−0.08 – 0.01) | ||
| Cancer Type (ref: Prostate) | ||||
| Breast | 0.050 (−0.02 – 0.12) | 0.082** (0.01 – 0.15) | ||
| Gynecologic | 0.060 (−0.02 – 0.14) | 0.111*** (0.03 – 0.19) | ||
| Colorectal | 0.072* (−0.01 – 0.15) | 0.096** (0.02 – 0.18) | ||
| Bladder | 0.048 (−0.05 – 0.14) | 0.217*** (0.11 – 0.32) | ||
| Lung | 0.132*** (0.04 – 0.23) | 0.207*** (0.10 – 0.31) | ||
| Multiple | 0.018 (−0.03 – 0.07) | 0.057** (0.01 – 0.11) | ||
| Other | 0.037 (−0.03 – 0.10) | 0.117*** (0.06 – 0.18) | ||
| # of Comorbidities (ref: Cancer only) | ||||
| 1 or 2 | 0.039 (−0.01 – 0.09) | 0.032 (−0.02 – 0.08) | ||
| 3 or 4 | 0.073*** (0.02 – 0.13) | 0.112*** (0.06 – 0.17) | ||
| 5+ | 0.179*** (0.11 – 0.25) | 0.220*** (0.15 – 0.29) | ||
| Race (ref: White) | ||||
| Black or AA | 0.056** (0.00 – 0.11) | |||
| Other1 | −0.066* (−0.13 – 0.00) | |||
| Ethnicity (ref: Not Hispanic of Latino) | ||||
| Hispanic/Latino | 0.034 (−0.03 – 0.09) | |||
| Education (ref: Less than HS) | ||||
| HS graduation | −0.018 (−0.06 – 0.03) | |||
| Some college + | −0.024 (−0.07 – 0.02) | |||
| Rurality (ref: Metropolitan) | ||||
| Non-metropolitan | 0.042*** (0.01 – 0.07) | |||
| Activities of Daily Living (ADL) Limitations (ref: None) | ||||
| 1 or more ADLs | 0.051** (0.01 – 0.09) | |||
| Self-reported health (ref: Excellent or good) | ||||
| Fair or poor | 0.069*** (0.03 – 0.11) | |||
| Unknown | −0.020 (−0.21 – 0.17) | |||
| Medicare plan type (ref: Fee-for-service) | ||||
| Medicare Advantage | −0.036** (−0.07 – −0.01) | |||
***
p<0.01,
**
p<0.05,
*
p<0.1
Abbreviations: Inverse Probability of Treatment Weights (IPTWs), Activities of Daily Living (ADLs)
a.
Model also controls for marital status, usual source of care, and whether beneficiary seeks a doctor’s care when feeling badly.