Table 3.
Urine biomarker values (pg/ml).
| Protein | Healthy control (n = 8) | AKI (COVID-19) (n = 8) | CKD/ESKD (n = 18) | P-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| KIM-1 | 305.2 (276.4–1011.3) | 1286.6 (466.7–3600.0) | 1235.7 (652.0–3107.1) | 0.047 |
| NAG | 0 (0–0) | 14.0 (0.7–46.8) | 1.4 (0–70.7) | 0.025 |
| Calbindin | 2368.6 (1413.4–5141.2) | 3688.5 (1106.4–6309.2) | 1450.7 (678.0–3641.2) | 0.271 |
| GSTA1 | 6.6 (2.5–17.5) | 132.1 (111.9–271.8) | 189.5 (18.7–246.9) | < 0.001 |
| Osteoactivin | 36.1 (15.7–43.3) | 86.4 (60.3–320.1) | 179.9 (81.7–363.1) | 0.003 |
| Renin | 8.8 (1.9–21.1) | 605.3 (131.6–2431.6) | 65.0 (18.5–319.6) | < 0.001 |
| Clusterin | 39,599 (26,401–73,940) | 177,660 (24,062–506,175) | 260,515 (113,239–552,746) | 0.027 |
| RBP4 | 2253 (939–3212) | 66,742 (5055–131,315) | 718,316 (14,892–718,316) | < 0.001 |
| IL-18 | 19.0 (10.9–29.4) | 83.9 (30.0–174.7) | 64.5 (33.8–95.8) | 0.024 |
| IP-10 | 3.0 (2.0–8.9) | 55.5 (25.0–144.3) | 15.4 (5.4–32.8) | 0.006 |
| EGF | 6538 (4842–7408) | 3951 (2956–5779) | 1829 (1394–2743) | < 0.001 |
| MCP-1 | 152.7 (75.7–184.2) | 625.1 (292.8–1538.9) | 771.2 (448.9–1044.0) | 0.001 |
| VEGF-A | 477.7 (149.4–689.5) | 1295.4 (330.6–3004.0) | 2834.9 (787.5–6492.9) | 0.010 |
| Uromodulin | 44,794 (26,420–161,855) | 31,602 (7414–43,024) | 3485 (1792–8430) | 0.001 |
| α1-microglobulin | 298.5 (202.4–350.7) | 162.5 (104.0–538.2) | 2482.7 (736.4–2743.4) | < 0.001 |
| TFF3 | 45.3 (33.3–62.0) | 274.8 (84.7–304.5) | 228.6 (150.9–442.5) | 0.003 |
| Osteopontin | 1127 (625–1685) | 1089 (293–3191) | 488 (259–822) | 0.107 |
| Cystatin C | 37.4 (20.7–62.2) | 143.2 (27.3–2283.8) | 1335.3 (96.5–1667.1) | 0.013 |
| NGAL | 30.3 (14.5–54.0) | 97.8 (37.0–477.4) | 456.0 (263.6–570.3) | 0.003 |
| β2-microglobulin | 84.5 (42.5–189.3) | 3391.0 (516.5–5687.2) | 13,412.0 (670.4–19,924.8) | < 0.001 |
| TIMP-1 | 10.6 (6.5–12.9) | 12.9 (3.4–28.4) | 19.9 (9.5–31.0) | 0.255 |
Data are indicated by median (IQR).
Bold indicates statistically significant P values.