Table 3.
Baseline Demographic, Clinical, Psychosocial, and COVID-Related Characteristics by Race/Ethnicity Among COVID-19 Questionnaire Respondents*
| Overall (N = 48 492) | Asian (N = 1 010) | Hispanic/Latina† (N = 1 072) | Non-Hispanic Black/African American (N = 2 763) | Non-Hispanic White (N = 43 647) | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| N | % or Mean (SD) | N | % or Mean (SD) | N | % or Mean (SD) | N | % or Mean (SD) | N | % or Mean (SD) | |
| Age at COVID survey | 48 492 | 83.6 (5.6) | 1 010 | 82.9 (5.7) | 1 072 | 82.3 (5.7) | 2 763 | 82.4 (5.4) | 43 647 | 83.9 (5.6) |
| <85 | 28 572 | 58.9 | 634 | 62.8 | 723 | 67.4 | 1 852 | 67.0 | 25 363 | 58.1 |
| ≥85 | 19 920 | 41.1 | 376 | 37.2 | 349 | 32.6 | 911 | 33.0 | 18 284 | 41.9 |
| Education at baseline | ||||||||||
| High school diploma/GED or less | 7 396 | 15.4 | 86 | 8.6 | 226 | 21.4 | 428 | 15.6 | 6 656 | 15.3 |
| School after high school | 16 740 | 34.8 | 299 | 29.9 | 456 | 43.2 | 1 015 | 37.0 | 14 970 | 34.5 |
| College degree or higher | 24 027 | 49.9 | 615 | 61.5 | 374 | 35.4 | 1 299 | 47.4 | 21 739 | 50.1 |
| Family income at baseline | ||||||||||
| <$35 000 | 11 780 | 25.5 | 155 | 16.1 | 371 | 36.1 | 953 | 36.0 | 10 301 | 24.8 |
| $35 000–<$50 000 | 9 669 | 20.9 | 148 | 15.4 | 220 | 21.4 | 567 | 21.4 | 8 734 | 21.0 |
| $50 000–<$75 000 | 11 371 | 24.6 | 280 | 29.1 | 214 | 20.8 | 631 | 23.8 | 10 246 | 24.7 |
| ≥$75 000 | 13 358 | 28.9 | 380 | 39.5 | 223 | 21.7 | 496 | 18.7 | 12 259 | 29.5 |
| Neighborhood socioeconomic status quartiles, normalized | ||||||||||
| ≤73.709 | 10 695 | 24.6 | 173 | 18.9 | 427 | 44.6 | 1 585 | 68.5 | 8 510 | 21.7 |
| 73.710–78.430 | 10 896 | 25.1 | 198 | 21.7 | 219 | 22.9 | 343 | 14.8 | 10 136 | 25.8 |
| 78.431–82.222 | 10 914 | 25.1 | 298 | 32.6 | 153 | 16.0 | 210 | 9.1 | 10 253 | 26.1 |
| >82.222 | 10 935 | 25.2 | 244 | 26.7 | 158 | 16.5 | 177 | 7.6 | 10 356 | 26.4 |
| Geographic region at COVID survey | ||||||||||
| Northeast | 10 432 | 21.6 | 54 | 5.4 | 111 | 10.4 | 382 | 13.9 | 9 885 | 22.7 |
| South | 13 110 | 27.1 | 67 | 6.6 | 429 | 40.3 | 1 458 | 52.9 | 11 156 | 25.6 |
| Midwest | 10 910 | 22.6 | 34 | 3.4 | 56 | 5.3 | 594 | 21.6 | 10 226 | 23.5 |
| West | 13 923 | 28.8 | 854 | 84.6 | 468 | 44.0 | 321 | 11.7 | 12 280 | 28.2 |
| Comorbidities‡ | ||||||||||
| Carotid artery disease | 671 | 1.4 | 4 | 0.4 | 8 | 0.7 | 13 | 0.5 | 646 | 1.5 |
| Treated diabetes | 10 602 | 21.9 | 265 | 26.2 | 314 | 29.3 | 1 027 | 37.2 | 8 996 | 20.6 |
| Hypertension requiring pills | 34 090 | 70.3 | 711 | 70.4 | 773 | 72.1 | 2 428 | 87.9 | 30 178 | 69.1 |
| History of stroke | 2 913 | 6.0 | 36 | 3.6 | 52 | 4.9 | 148 | 5.4 | 2 677 | 6.1 |
| History of CHD (MI/CABG/PTCA) | 4 432 | 9.1 | 51 | 5.0 | 84 | 7.8 | 212 | 7.7 | 4 085 | 9.4 |
| History of (congestive) heart failure (HF)§ | 2 257 | 4.7 | 20 | 2.0 | 25 | 2.3 | 116 | 4.2 | 2 096 | 4.8 |
| History of COPD∥ | 5 577 | 11.5 | 75 | 7.4 | 107 | 10.0 | 349 | 12.6 | 5 620 | 11.5 |
| Total number of comorbidities | ||||||||||
| None | 10 488 | 21.6 | 226 | 22.4 | 219 | 20.4 | 219 | 7.9 | 9 824 | 22.5 |
| 1 | 21 599 | 44.5 | 475 | 47.0 | 466 | 43.5 | 1 248 | 45.2 | 19 410 | 44.5 |
| 2 | 11 723 | 24.2 | 250 | 24.8 | 291 | 27.1 | 942 | 34.1 | 10 240 | 23.5 |
| ≥3 | 4 682 | 9.7 | 59 | 5.8 | 96 | 9.0 | 354 | 12.8 | 4 173 | 9.6 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2 | 48 448 | 26.6 (5.3) | 1 010 | 24.2 (4.3) | 1 072 | 27.4 (5.2) | 2 758 | 29.8 (6.0) | 43 608 | 26.4 (5.2) |
| Number of people in household | ||||||||||
| 1 | 20 631 | 43.9 | 323 | 32.8 | 386 | 37.7 | 1 139 | 42.9 | 18 783 | 44.3 |
| 2 | 18 414 | 39.2 | 401 | 40.8 | 418 | 40.8 | 868 | 32.7 | 16 727 | 39.5 |
| 3 | 2 696 | 5.7 | 97 | 9.9 | 82 | 8.0 | 271 | 10.2 | 2 246 | 5.3 |
| 4 | 861 | 1.8 | 53 | 5.4 | 41 | 4.0 | 101 | 3.8 | 666 | 1.6 |
| ≥5 | 1 154 | 2.5 | 68 | 6.9 | 38 | 3.7 | 79 | 3.0 | 969 | 2.3 |
| Not applicable | 3 267 | 6.9 | 42 | 4.3 | 60 | 5.9 | 198 | 7.5 | 2 967 | 7.0 |
| Live alone | 20 631 | 43.9 | 323 | 32.8 | 386 | 37.7 | 1 139 | 42.9 | 18 783 | 44.3 |
| Ever been exposed to someone with COVID-19 | ||||||||||
| Yes | 1 792 | 3.7 | 20 | 2.0 | 44 | 4.2 | 133 | 4.9 | 1 595 | 3.7 |
| No, not that I know of | 46 003 | 96.3 | 972 | 98.0 | 1 011 | 95.8 | 2 580 | 95.1 | 41 440 | 96.3 |
| Family member or friend died from COVID-19 | 2 371 | 5.0 | 24 | 2.4 | 86 | 8.1 | 371 | 13.7 | 1 890 | 4.4 |
| Level of difficulty getting routine medical care since March 2020 | ||||||||||
| None | 35 531 | 75.5 | 815 | 83.2 | 802 | 76.8 | 2 047 | 77.0 | 31 867 | 75.3 |
| Some/much/very much | 11 499 | 24.5 | 165 | 16.8 | 242 | 23.2 | 611 | 23.0 | 10 481 | 24.7 |
| Decided not to go to doctor/hospital to avoid COVID-19 exposure | 11 419 | 24.4 | 298 | 30.7 | 270 | 26.2 | 795 | 30.1 | 10 056 | 23.9 |
| Concern about the COVID-19 pandemic | ||||||||||
| Not at all concerned | 3 150 | 6.7 | 59 | 6.1 | 88 | 8.4 | 124 | 4.7 | 2 879 | 6.8 |
| Somewhat concerned | 19 792 | 42.2 | 367 | 37.8 | 395 | 37.9 | 799 | 30.4 | 18 231 | 43.2 |
| Very concerned | 23 923 | 51.0 | 546 | 56.2 | 560 | 53.7 | 1 705 | 64.9 | 21 112 | 50.0 |
Notes: COVID-19 = coronavirus disease 2019; CHD = coronary heart disease; COPD = chronic obstructive pulmonary disease; SD = standard deviation.
* p Values from a Chi-square tests of independence for categorical variables and from an analysis of variance F tests or Kruskal–Wallis tests for continuous variables were all ≤.0001.
†Includes participants across all racial groups who identified as Hispanic/Latina.
‡Includes self-report at baseline as well as adjudicated events during follow-up or self-reported events during follow-up for participants not being adjudicated.
§Includes self-report of HF at baseline, and adjudicated HF during follow-up for Medical Records Cohort participants or self-reported HF for self-report cohort participants during follow-up.
∥COPD was only collected as a self-report during Extension Study 2010–2025.