Table 1.
Sample Demographics
| Variable | Overall Sample (N = 16 576) |
|---|---|
| Age at hip fracture admission date, n (%) | |
| 65–74 | 1 129 (6.8) |
| 75–84 | 5 338 (32.2) |
| 85+ | 10 109 (61.0) |
| Age, years, mean (SD) | 85.7 (6.9) |
| Female sex, n (%) | 12 608 (76.1) |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | |
| Non-Hispanic White | 15 163 (91.5) |
| Black | 712 (4.3) |
| Hispanic and Other* | 671 (4.0) |
| Dual Medicaid–Medicare eligible, n (%) | 3 490 (21.1) |
| Elixhauser comorbity index, mean (SD) | 3.1 (1.8) |
| Time since dementia diagnosis, days, mean (SD) | 1 940.4 (1 330.6) |
| ICU admission/stay, n (%) | 1 159 (7.0) |
| Fracture management, n (%) | |
| Partial or total arthroplasty | 5 720 (34.5) |
| Internal fixation | 9 292 (56.1) |
| Nonsurgical or other management | 1 564 (9.4) |
| Hospital length of stays, days, mean (SD) | 5.5 (3.6) |
| Discharge disposition, n (%) | |
| Home or home health care | 1 032 (6.2) |
| Facility† | 15 544 (93.8) |
| For-profit hospital, n (%) | 2 534 (15.3) |
| Teaching hospital, n (%) | 7 768 (46.9) |
| Index hospital bed size, tertiles, n (%) | |
| 0–230 beds | 5 468 (33.0) |
| 231–424 beds | 5 587 (33.7) |
| 425–2 449 beds | 5 519 (33.3) |
| Rurality, n (%)‡ | |
| Urban | 13 580 (81.9) |
| Rural, urban adjacent | 1 963 (11.8) |
| Rural, not urban adjacent | 1 018 (6.1) |
| % of residents living below poverty line (tertiles), n (%)† | |
| <12.5 | 5 741 (34.6) |
| 12.5–17 | 5 544 (33.5) |
| >17 | 5 276 (31.8) |
| Number of primary care physicians per 100 000 (tertiles), n (%)† | |
| <59 | 5 245 (31.6) |
| 59–84 | 5 701 (34.4) |
| >84 | 5 567 (33.6) |
Notes: ICU = intensive care unit; SD = standard deviation.
*Other races and ethnicities included those who were identified in Medicare claims data as Asian, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islander, American Indian/Alaska Native, or those who identified as belonging to multiple racial subgroups.
†Facility includes skilled nursing facilities, inpatient rehabilitation facilities, swing beds, long-term acute care hospitals, and other overnight inpatient settings.
‡Based on the patient’s zip code of residence during the fracture year as identified from the Medicare Master Beneficiary Summary.