Table 2.
Baseline Characteristics by PhenoAgeAccel Quartile (n = 1 951)
| Decelerated Aging | Accelerated Aging | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| −31–−4.5 | −4.4–0.0 | 0.1–4.0 | 4.1–29.4 | p | |
| (n = 493) | (n = 516) | (n = 411) | (n = 529) | ||
| Age, mean (SD) | 71.0 (3.5) | 71.2 (3.4) | 71.0 (3.6) | 70.5 (3.3) | .026* |
| Race/ethnicity, n (%) | .005* | ||||
| Black (African American) | 77 (15.7) | 73 (14.3) | 70 (17.1) | 123 (23.5) | |
| Hispanic (Latino) | 32 (6.5) | 41 (8.0) | 34 (8.3) | 47 (9.0) | |
| White not of Hispanic origin | 365 (74.6) | 378 (73.8) | 289 (70.5) | 342 (65.3) | |
| Unknown (not one of the above) | 15 (3.1) | 20 (3.9) | 17 (4.1) | 12 (2.3) | |
| Education, n (%) | .027* | ||||
| HS/GED or less | 119 (24.3) | 133 (25.9) | 117 (28.6) | 174 (33.1) | |
| Some college | 195 (39.8) | 214 (41.7) | 170 (41.6) | 204 (38.8) | |
| College grad or more | 176 (35.9) | 166 (32.4) | 122 (29.8) | 148 (28.1) | |
| Walking frequency, n (%) | .062 | ||||
| Rarely or never | 81 (16.5) | 87 (17.0) | 75 (18.5) | 131 (25.0) | |
| 1–3 times/month | 74 (15.1) | 74 (14.5) | 55 (13.5) | 77 (14.7) | |
| 1 time/week | 53 (10.8) | 59 (11.5) | 40 (9.9) | 53 (10.1) | |
| 2–3 times/week | 133 (27.1) | 131 (25.6) | 123 (30.3) | 145 (27.6) | |
| 4–6 times/week | 104 (21.2) | 113 (22.1) | 84 (20.7) | 84 (16.0) | |
| 7+ times/week | 45 (9.2) | 47 (9.2) | 29 (7.1) | 35 (6.7) | |
| BMI category (kg/m2), n (%) | <.001* | ||||
| Underweight (<18.5) | 5 (1.0) | 4 (0.8) | 5 (1.2) | 5 (1.0) | |
| Normal (18.5-24.9) | 177 (36.1) | 156 (30.3) | 108 (26.4) | 118 (22.5) | |
| Overweight (25.0–29.9) | 182 (37.1) | 184 (35.7) | 148 (36.2) | 170 (32.4) | |
| Obese (≥30) | 126 (25.7) | 171 (33.2) | 148 (36.2) | 231 (44.1) | |
| Alcohol consumption, n (%) | .014* | ||||
| Nondrinker | 79 (16.1) | 56 (11.1) | 48 (11.8) | 80 (15.3) | |
| Past drinker | 94 (19.1) | 112 (22.1) | 87 (21.4) | 126 (24.1) | |
| <1 drink/month | 57 (11.6) | 60 (11.9) | 51 (12.6) | 86 (16.4) | |
| <1 drink/week | 96 (19.6) | 116 (22.9) | 82 (20.2) | 93 (17.8) | |
| 1–<7 drinks/week | 112 (22.8) | 114 (22.5) | 89 (21.9) | 81 (15.5) | |
| 7+ drinks/week | 53 (10.8) | 48 (9.5) | 49 (12.1) | 57 (10.9) | |
| Smoking pack-years, n (%) | .961 | ||||
| Never smoker | 265 (55.4) | 270 (54.3) | 209 (52.9) | 283 (55.6) | |
| <5 | 58 (12.1) | 66 (13.3) | 45 (11.4) | 57 (11.2) | |
| 5–<20 | 62 (13.0) | 60 (12.1) | 52 (13.2) | 60 (11.8) | |
| 20+ | 93 (19.5) | 101 (20.3) | 89 (22.5) | 109 (21.4) | |
| Age-related condition | |||||
| Alzheimer’s | 58 (11.8) | 63 (12.2) | 52 (12.7) | 65 (12.3) | .982 |
| Arthritis | 387 (78.5) | 406 (78.7) | 320 (77.9) | 426 (80.5) | .760 |
| Broken hip | 43 (8.7) | 36 (7.0) | 42 (10.2) | 25 (4.7) | .009* |
| Cancer | 155 (31.4) | 154 (29.8) | 130 (31.6) | 187 (35.3) | .272 |
| Cardiovascular disease | 149 (30.2) | 168 (32.6) | 154 (37.5) | 198 (37.4) | .037* |
| Depression | 36 (7.3) | 30 (5.8) | 36 (8.8) | 48 (9.1) | .191 |
| Diabetes | 87 (17.6) | 100 (19.4) | 103 (25.1) | 143 (27.0) | .001* |
| Emphysema | 25 (5.1) | 33 (6.4) | 25 (6.1) | 34 (6.4) | .784 |
| Frequent faller | 198 (40.2) | 218 (42.2) | 173 (42.1) | 222 (42.0) | .901 |
| Sensory impairment | 154 (31.2) | 179 (34.7) | 136 (33.1) | 168 (31.8) | .648 |
| Stroke | 42 (8.5) | 66 (12.8) | 34 (8.3) | 52 (9.8) | .070 |
| Urinary incontinence | 66 (13.4) | 63 (12.2) | 63 (15.3) | 80 (15.1) | .442 |
| Physical function score, mean (SD) | 76.7 (22.7) | 75.0 (22.3) | 72.5 (23.8) | 70.0 (25.3) | <.001* |
| Baseline multimorbidity count | 1.1 (0.9) | 1.2 (1.0) | 1.3 (1.0) | 1.4 (1.1) | <.001* |
| Follow-up multimorbidity count | 2.3 (1.5) | 2.4 (1.5) | 2.6 (1.5) | 2.6 (1.5) | .040* |
| Total multimorbidity count | 2.8 (1.5) | 2.9 (1.5) | 3.1 (1.6) | 3.1 (1.6) | .015* |
| Multimorbidity score | 26.0 (15.9) | 27.8 (17.0) | 28.8 (16.9) | 30.0 (1.6) | .015* |
| AgeAccelHorvath | −3.0 (4.8) | −0.9 (4.4) | 0.4 (4.8) | 2.9 (5.4) | <.001* |
| AgeAccelHannum | −3.2 (4.9) | −1.1 (4.4) | 0.9 (4.2) | 2.9 (4.6) | <.001* |
| AgeAccelGrim | −1.8 (3.3) | −0.8 (3.7) | 0.4 (3.5) | 1.9 (4.1) | <.001* |
Notes: AgeAccel measures are the residual between chronological age and epigenetic age as measured by each individual epigenetic clock. HS = high school; GED = general educational development; BMI = body mass index; kg = kilograms; m = meters; SD = standard deviation.
*Conditions include cardiovascular disease, cancer, cognitive impairment, depression, osteoarthritis, history of falls, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, hypertension, diabetes, hip fracture, and cerebrovascular disease.
*p < .05.