Table 2.
Demographic, Clinical, Psychological, and Behavioral Characteristics of the Contributing COSMIC Studies.
| Tanzania (IDEA; N = 231) | Nigeria (ISA; N = 1 122) | South Korea (KLOSCAD; N = 491) | Japan (SGS; N = 1 913) | Singapore (SLAS-II; N = 1 698) | Australia (Sydney MAS; N = 995) | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 80.47 (8.30) | 76.85 (7.87) | 73.25 (5.27) | 73.59 (6.09) | 72.41 (5.84) | 78.78 (4.79) |
| Sex (% Women) | 162 (69.8%) | 577 (51.4%) | 272 (55.4%) | 1 112 (58.1%) | 1 004 (59.1%) | 549 (55.2%) |
| Education (years) | ||||||
| 0–6 | None: 130 (58.6%) | 893 (79.6%) | 60 (12.2%) | 40 (2.1%) | 1 247 (74.8%) | 21 (2.1%) |
| 7–12 | Did not complete primary: 81 (36.5%) | 153 (13.6%) | 177 (36.0%) | 1 550 (81.2%) | 381 (22.8%) | 622 (62.5%) |
| 13+ | At least primary: 11 (4.9%) | 76 (6.8%) | 255 (51.8%) | 319 (16.7%) | 40 (2.4%) | 352 (35.4%) |
| BMI (kg/m2) | NA | 22.38 (4.42) | 24.01 (2.62) | 23.21 (3.20) | 23.98 (4.02) | 27.09 (4.47) |
| Hypertension (% yes) | 75 (38.1%) | 171 (15.3%) | 281 (57.1%) | 744 (38.9%) | 989 (58.3%) | 600 (60.4%) |
| Stroke | 11 (4.8%) | 52 (4.7%) | NA | 72 (3.8%) | 87 (5.1%) | 38 (3.9%) |
| APOE e4 status (% with at least 1 allele) | NA | NA | 99 (20.2%) | NA | 273 (18.9%) | 214 (22.6%) |
| MMSE (total score) | NA | NA | 27.59 (2.29) | 27.45 (2.40) | 27.08 (3.35) | 28.0 (1.51) |
| Categorical fluency (raw score) | 5.28 (3.52) | 12.51 (4.12) | 18.13 (5.32) | NA | 19.26 (4.93) | 15.60 (4.37) |
| Trail-Making Test A (total time) | NA | NA | 49.38 (31.03) | NA | 98.24 (51.00) | 46.71 (16.19) |
| Trail-Making Test B (total time) | NA | NA | 149.31 (79.04) | NA | 155.62 (57.65) | 119.72 (53.125) |
| Trail-Making Test B − A (total time) | NA | NA | 101.04 (65.47) | NA | 67.62 (43.32) | 73.82 (46.36) |
| Depressive symptoms: Geriatric Depression Scale | NA | NA | 8.26 (5.94) (30-item) | NA | 0.83 (1.57) (30-item) | 2.27 (2.09) (15-item) |
| General health | ||||||
| Poor | 159 (68.5%) | 31 (2.8%) | 245 (49.8%) | 405 (21.3%) | 535 (32.1%) | 158 (16.0%) |
| Good | 73 (31.5%) | 1 079 (96.2%) | 247 (50.2%) | 1 500 (78.7%) | 1 131 (67.9%) | 834 (84.1%) |
| Current smoker (% yes) | 73 (32.4%) | 466 (41.8%) | 23 (4.7%) | 154 (8.1%) | 58 (3.7%) | 31 (3.1%) |
| Current drinker (% yes) | 94 (42.73%) | 644 (58.4%) | 144 (29.3%) | 1 285 (67.3%) | 36 (2.4%) | 870 (87.4%) |
| Physical activity | ||||||
| Minimally active | 111 (49.6%) | NA | 83 (16.9%) | NA | 275 (16.2%) | 136 (14.1%) |
| Moderately active | 97 (43.3%) | 250 (50.9%) | 1 141 (67.4%) | 505 (52.2%) | ||
| Vigorously active | 16 (7.1%) | 158 (32.2%) | 276 (16.3%) | 326 (33.7%) | ||
| Raw usual gait speed (m/s) | 0.52 (0.24) | 0.77 (0.23) | 1.09 (0.25) | NA | NA | 0.70 (0.17) |
| Adjusted usual gait speed (m/s) | 0.61 (0.21) | 0.78 (0.22) | 1.06 (0.24) | NA | NA | 0.74 (0.16) |
| Raw rapid gait speed (m/s) | NA | NA | 1.34 (0.32) | 1.68 (0.44) | 1.20 (0.34) | NA |
| Adjusted rapid gait speed (m/s) | NA | NA | 1.31 (0.30) | 1.65 (0.38) | 1.16 (0.33) | NA |
Notes: APOE = apolipoprotein; BMI = body mass index; COSMIC = Cohort Studies of Memory in an International Consortium; IDEA = Intervention for Dementia in Elderly Africans; ISA = Ibadan Study of Aging; KLOSCAD = Korean Longitudinal Study on Cognitive Aging and Dementia; NA = not applicable; SGS = Sasaguri Genkimon Study; SLAS-II = Singapore Longitudinal Study of Aging-II; Sydney MAS = Sydney Memory and Ageing Study.