Figure 1.

Conceptual display of physiological outcomes assessed in currently published clinical trials investigating chronic supplementation of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (NAD⁺) precursors. Nicotinamide riboside (NR), NR plus pterostilbene (PT), and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) are the main NAD⁺-boosting compounds that have been tested in clinical trials to date. Studies have been performed in healthy young, midlife, and older populations (middle, far left icon), as well as populations with risk factors such as overweight/obesity (middle, second from left icon), and patient populations (middle, third from left icon). Physiological outcomes assessed include, but are not limited to, (bottom left to right) mitochondrial function, metabolism, inflammation, body composition, vascular function, muscular strength, exercise capacity/physical function, glucose-insulin regulation, and sleep. Designed with resources from flaticon.com.