Table 1.
Baseline characteristics and cardiac arrest details
| Variable | Total (n = 25) | Survivors (n = 11) | Non–survivors (n = 14) | P | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Demographics | ||||||
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 57 (39–65) | 57 (37–65) | 54 (42–64) | 0.809 | ||
| Male | 17 (68%) | 6 (55%) | 11 (79%) | 0.201 | ||
| Body mass index (kg/m2), median (IQR) | 26 (24–31) | 25 (24–33) | 26 (25–31) | 0.531 | ||
| Type 2 diabetes | 2 (8%) | 2 (18%) | 0 | 0.067 | ||
| Hypertension | 6 (24%) | 2 (14%) | 4 (67%) | 0.296 | ||
| History of ischaemic heart disease | 7 (28%) | 5 (46%) | 2 (14%) | 0.101 | ||
| Arrest data | ||||||
| In–hospital cardiac arrest (IHCA) | 14 (56%) | 8 (72%) | 6 (43%) | 0.135 | ||
| Out–of–hospital cardiac arrest (OHCA) | 11 (44%) | 3 (27%) | 8 (57%) | |||
| Arrest/call to patient contact (min), median (IQR) | 9 (6–13) | 9 (6–NA) | 9 (6–14) | 0.889 | ||
| On scene time (min), median (IQR) | 23 (21–35) | 26.5 (23–NA) | 22 (19–39) | 1.000 | ||
| Arrest to loaded ambulance (min), median (IQR) | 37 (28–44) | 35 (28–NA | 33 (27–49) | 1.000 | ||
| Arrest to ED time (min), median (IQR) | 44 (35–60) | 35 (35–48) | 52 (40–63) | 0.283 | ||
| Adrenaline dose (mg), median (IQR) | 5 (4–6) | 4 (4–4) | 5 (3–6) | NA | ||
| Number of defibrillator shocks, median (IQR) | 7 (4–11) | 12 (12–12) | 5 (4–9) | NA | ||
| Cannulation to flow time (min), median (IQR) | 16 (11–30) | 17 (11–22) | 16 (11–35) | 0.970 | ||
| Arrest to ECMO flow time (min), median (IQR) | 57 (38–73) | 41 (33–58) | 69 (52–77) | 0.011 | ||
| Time on LUCAS 2 device⁎ (min), median (IQR) | 38 (25–52) | 34 (15–41) | 48 (29–58) | 0.089 | ||
| IHCA arrest to ECMO (min), median (IQR) | 40 (31–53) | 39 (29–48) | 48 (31–63) | 0.524 | ||
| OHCA arrest to ECMO (min), median (IQR) | 74 (59–77) | 58 (49–NA) | 76 (68–84) | 0.012 | ||
| Initial rhythm | ||||||
| Ventricular tachycardia | 2 (8%) | 1 (9%) | 1 (7%) | |||
| Ventricular fibrillation | 16 (64%) | 6 (54%) | 10 (71%) | 0.672 | ||
| Pulseless electrical activity | 7 (28%) | 4 (36%) | 3 (21%) | |||
| Cannulation details | ||||||
| Emergency location | 14 (56%) | 6 (55%) | 8 (57%) | |||
| Intensive care unit | 8 (32%) | 4 (36%) | 4 (29%) | |||
| Angiogram suite | 1 (4%) | 0 | 1 (7%) | 0.563 | ||
| Operating room | 1 (4%) | 1 (9%) | 0 | |||
| Ward/other | 1 (4%) | 0 | 1 (7%) | |||
| Backflow cannula inserted | 17 (68%) | 8 (73%) | 9 (64%) | 0.653 | ||
| Arrest aetiology | ||||||
| Acute coronary syndrome | 12 (48%) | 8 (73%) | 4 (29%) | |||
| Pulmonary embolism | 2 (8%) | 0 | 2 (14%) | |||
| Primary arrhythmia | 3 (12%) | 0 | 3 (21%) | |||
| Myocarditis | 1 (4%) | 0 | 1 (7%) | 0.119 | ||
| Coronary vasospasm | 1 (4%) | 1 (9%) | 0 | |||
| Congenital heart disease | 2 (8%) | 0 | 2 (14%) | |||
| Unclear | 3 (8%) | 2 (14%) | 1 (9%) | |||
| Anaphylaxis | 1 (4%) | 1 (9%) | 0 | |||
| Angiography data | ||||||
| Received angiogram | 18 (72%) | 9 (82%) | 9 (64%) | 0.332 | ||
| Received stent | 12 (48%) | 7 (64%) | 5 (36%) | 0.376 | ||
| Lactate | ||||||
| First lactate after cannulation, median (IQR) | 10.4 (8–13) | 8.5 (7.7–14) | 11.2 (9.6–12) | 0.557 | ||
| 6–hour lactate, median (IQR) | 5.25 (4–9) | 4.4 (3.4–7.2) | 6.6 (4–12) | 0.295 | ||
| 24–hour lactate, median (IQR) | 1.9 (2–4) | 1.6 (1–2) | 3.9 (3–13) | < 0.001 | ||
| APACHE score, median (IQR) | 26 (18–34) | 24 (19–33) | 26 (18–34) | 0.820 | ||
APACHE = Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; ECMO = extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; IQR = interquartile range.
⁎
Jolife AB; Stryker.