Table 2.
Multivariate analysis of potential preoperative and perioperative risk factors for postoperative emergency response team (ERT) activation
| Patient characteristic |
ERT activation |
Odds ratio (95% CI)⁎ | p⁎ | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Yes (n = 797) | No (n = 1594) | |||
| Age (years), mean (SD) | 61.3 ± 16.6 | 61.3 ± 16.1 | na | na |
| Male sex | 402 (50.4%) | 804 (50.4%) | na | na |
| Comorbidity | ||||
| Cardiovascular disease | 112 (14.1%) | 145 (9.1%) | 1.61 (1.18–2.18) | 0.003 |
| Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease | 147 (18.4%) | 217 (13.6%) | 1.28 (0.99–1.65) | 0.06 |
| Obstructive sleep apnoea | 207 (26.0%) | 376 (23.6%) | 1.00 (0.81–1.25) | 0.97 |
| Neurological disease | 83 (10.4%) | 109 (6.8%) | 1.57 (1.11–2.22) | 0.01 |
| Diabetes mellitus | 164 (20.6%) | 275 (17.3%) | 1.14 (0.90–1.45) | 0.29 |
| Home or preoperative use | ||||
| Opioid | 260 (32.6%) | 442 (27.7%) | 1.14 (0.92–1.41) | 0.22 |
| Benzodiazepine | 130 (16.3%) | 221 (13.9%) | 1.15 (0.88–1.50) | 0.31 |
| Gabapentin† | 184 (23.1%) | 291 (18.3%) | 1.60 (1.17–2.20) | 0.004 |
| Procedural | ||||
| Emergency | 92 (11.5%) | 149 (9.4%) | 1.54 (1.09–2.18) | 0.02 |
| Surgical duration (min), mean (SD)‡ | 171 ± 127 | 153 ± 110 | 1.06 (1.02–1.11) | 0.006 |
| Fluid management | ||||
| Crystalloid (L), mean (SD)§ | 2.4 ± 1.7 | 2.2 ± 1.5 | 0.99 (0.94–1.04) | 0.80 |
| Colloid | 272 (34.1 %) | 400 (25.1 %) | 1.50 (1.17–1.92) | 0.001 |
| Blood product transfusion | 91 (11.4%) | 127 (8.0%) | 1.05 (0.74–1.47) | 0.80 |
| Antihypertensive agent | 129 (16.2%) | 207 (13.0%) | 1.27 (0.96–1.67) | 0.10 |
| Vasopressor infusion⁋ | 122 (15.3%) | 169 (10.6%) | 1.33 (0.97–1.81) | 0.07 |
| Epinephrine | 3 (0.4%) | 6 (0.4%) | na | na |
| Vasopressin | 13 (1.6%) | 27 (1.7%) | na | na |
| Norepinephrine | 1 (0.1%) | 3 (0.2%) | na | na |
| Phenylephrine | 109 (13.7%) | 144 (9.0%) | na | na |
na = not applicable; SD = standard deviation.
⁎
Bold indicates statistical significance.
†
Preoperative or part of the ERAS protocol. Gabapentin is frequently administered as part of multimodal pain management. In our cohort, it was most frequently administered before colorectal (33.3%), gynaecological (29.9%), and orthopaedic operations (19.9%).
‡
For 30-minute increments of surgical time.
§
For 0.5 L increments.
⁋
Denotes number of patients with any vasopressor infusion. Some patients had more than one type of vasopressor infusion. Intermittent boluses of ephedrine or phenylephrine were not counted.