Table 2.
Sedative drug administration in the first 24 hours of intensive care unit admission
| Variables | Propofol-only | Midazolam-only | Propofol and midazolam | No sedation | P* | Missing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Number of patients | 93 (35.4%) | 67 (25.6%) | 18 (6.9%) | 84 (32.1%) | ||
| Age (years), median (IQR) | 40 (28-58) | 41 (28-63.5) | 37.5 (26-49.5) | 53.5 (32.3-68) | 0.029 | |
| Sex, male | 73 (78.5%) | 56 (83.6%) | 15 (83.3%) | 58 (69%) | 0.159 | |
| Body weight (kg), median (IQR) | 79.2 (69.4-90) | 75 (67.5-82.8) | 74.5 (68.5-88.8) | 75 (65-80.5) | 0.338 | |
| GCS at hospital admission, median (IQR) | 3 (3-6) | 6 (3-9) | 3 (3-3) | 4 (3-7) | 0.017 | 0.4 |
| Pupillary reactivity at hospital admission | 0.372 | 6.9 | ||||
| Both reactive | 53 (58.9%) | 47 (74.6%) | 10 (62.5%) | 49 (65.3%) | ||
| One reactive | 17 (18.9%) | 5 (7.9%) | 3 (18.8%) | 15 (20%) | ||
| Non-reactive | 20 (22.2%) | 11 (17.5%) | 3 (18.8%) | 11 (14.7%) | ||
| Pre-hospital hypoxia (SpO2 < 90%) | 17 (21.2%) | 17 (27%) | 2 (13.3%) | 10 (12.5%) | 0.151 | 9.2 |
| Pre-hospital hypotension (SBP < 90 mmHg) | 11 (13.6%) | 13 (20.3%) | 4 (25%) | 13 (15.9%) | 0.577 | 7.3 |
| Mass lesion on first CT scan† | 61 (65.6%) | 54 (80.6%) | 12 (66.7%) | 53 (63.1 %) | 0.107 | |
| Traumatic SAH on CT scan | 65 (69.9%) | 45 (67.2%) | 12 (66.7%) | 64 (76.2%) | 0.616 | |
| Marshall score, median (IQR) | 3 (2-5) | 3 (2-5) | 3 (2-5) | 5 (2-5) | 0.393 | 14.9 |
| IMPACT score (lab model), median (IQR) | 22 (13-37) | 23 (11-33) | 21 (13.2-41.8) | 31 (19.5-46.5) | 0.029 | 0.4 |
| APACHE II score, median (IQR) | 20 (15-25) | 20 (16-24) | 18.5 (16.2-25.8) | 21 (16-29) | 0.51 | 1.1 |
| Injury Severity Score, median (IQR) | 26 (22-38) | 34 (26-44) | 29 (22-42) | 33 (26-40) | 0.001 | 0.4 |
| Use of barbiturate‡ | 12 (12.9%) | 8 (11.9%) | 3 (16.7%) | 11 (13.1%) | 0.963 | |
| Surgery for clot evacuation‡ | 34 (36.6%) | 20 (29.9%) | 7 (38.9%) | 33 (39.8%) | 0.640 | 0.4 |
| Decompressive craniectomy‡ | 30 (32.3%) | 14 (20.9%) | 10 (55.6%) | 24 (28.6%) | 0.035 | |
| External ventricular drainage‡ | 24 (25.8%) | 21 (31.3%) | 6 (33.3%) | 33 (39.3%) | 0.294 | |
| Opioid administration in the first 24 hours | 77 (82.8%) | 65 (97%) | 17 (94.4%) | 50 (59.5%) | < 0.001 |
APACHE = Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; CT = computed tomography; GCS = Glasgow Coma Scale; IMPACT = International Mission for Prognosis and Analysis of Clinical Trials in Traumatic Brain Injury; IQR = interquartile range; SAH = subarachnoid haemorrhage; SBP = systolic blood pressure; SpO2 = peripheral oxygen saturation.
*
Comparison of the four groups: χ2 test and Kruskal-Wallis test for categorical and continuous variables respectively.
†
Mass lesion indicates the presence of subdural haemorrhage, extradural haemorrhage, and/or intracerebral haemorrhage.
‡
At any time point.