Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
| Characteristic | Overall | RRT call | No RRT call | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total number of patients | 413 | 126 | 287 | |
| Age, years, median (IQR) | 61 (50-70) | 62 (54-71) | 60 (48-70) | 0.07 |
| < 60 | 196 (47.5) | 53 (42.1) | 143 (49.8) | |
| 60-69 | 103 (24.9) | 35 (27.8) | 68 (23.7) | |
| 70-79 | 94 (22.8) | 32 (25.4) | 62 (21.6) | 0.51 |
| > 80 | 20 (4.8) | 6 (4.8) | 14 (4.9) | |
| Sex, male | 265 (64.2%) | 88 (69.8%) | 177 (61.7%) | 0.12 |
| APACHE II score, median (IRQ) | 15 (10-19) | 15 (11-20) | 14 (9-19) | 0.042 |
| ANZROD, %, mean (SD) | 10.4% (14.7%) | 12.7% (16.2%) | 9.4% (13.9%) | 0.030 |
| Hours between hospital and ICU admission, median (IQR) | 8.8 (2.1-52.3) | 60.5 (33.6-105.6) | 4.0 (0.9-17.0) | < 0.001 |
| Days between symptoms and hospital admission, median (IRQ) | 6.5 (3.9-9.2) | 5.4 (3.2-7.6) | 7.1 (4.1-9.8) | < 0.001 |
| Days between symptoms and ICU admission, median (IQR) | 8.2 (5.4-10.9) | 8.4 (5.6-10.8) | 7.7 (5.3-11.0) | 0.32 |
| Treatment limitation orders | 28 (6.8%) | 5 (4.0%) | 23 (8.0%) | 0.20 |
| Body mass index, kg/m2, median (IQR) | 29.8 (25.7-35.2) | 29.9 (25.7-33.8) | 29.7 (25.7-35.7) | 0.57 |
| Clinical frailty score, mean (SD) | 2.7 (1.2) | 2.9 (1.2) | 2.6(1.3) | 0.07 |
| Cardiac arrest in the previous 24 h | 2/401 (0.5%) | 1/122 (0.8%) | 1/279 (0.4%) | 0.52 |
| ICU source of admission | < 0.001 | |||
| Operating room | 3 (0.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 3 (1.0%) | |
| Emergency department | 174 (42.1%) | 5 (4.0%) | 169 (58.9%) | |
| Ward | 199 (48.2%) | 120 (95.2%) | 79 (27.5%) | |
| Other hospital | 26 (6.3%) | 0 (0.0%) | 26 (9.1%) | |
| Home | 11 (2.7%) | 0 (0.0%) | 11 (3.8%) | |
| Coexisting disorders | ||||
| Diabetes mellitus | 117/401 (29.2%) | 38/121 (31.4%) | 79/280 (28.2%) | 0.55 |
| Obesity | 110/393 (28.0%) | 25/120 (20.8%) | 85/273 (31.1%) | 0.039 |
| Use of ACEI or ARB | 81/391 (20.7%) | 28/121 (23.1%) | 53/270 (19.6%) | 0.42 |
| Chronic cardiac failure | 58/395 (14.7%) | 16/121 (13.2%) | 42/274 (15.3%) | 0.65 |
| Smoker | 50/386 (13.0%) | 21/117 (17.9%) | 29/269 (10.8%) | 0.07 |
| Chronic pulmonary disease* | 33/393 (8.4%) | 9/119 (7.6%) | 24/274 (8.8%) | 0.84 |
| Asthma | 56/394 (14.2%) | 19/120 (15.8%) | 37/274 (13.5%) | 0.53 |
| Immunosuppression | 31/393 (7.9%) | 11/120 (9.2%) | 20/273 (7.3%) | 0.55 |
| Vital signs within first 24 h of ICU admission† median (IQR) | ||||
| Heart rate, beats/min | 100 (86-111) | 100 (89-110) | 100 (86-112) | 0.88 |
| Respiratory rate, breaths/min | 30 (24-37) | 28 (23-34) | 30 (24-38) | 0.004 |
| Mean arterial pressure, mmHg | 80 (70-94) | 82 (72-94) | 80 (69-94) | 0.48 |
| Temperature, °C | 38.3 (37.4-38.9) | 38.5 (37.7-39.1) | 38.1 (37.3-38.8) | 0.004 |
| SpO2, % | 92 (88-95) | 92 (88-94) | 92 (88-95) | 0.54 |
| Laboratory test in the first 24 hours, median (IQR) | ||||
| PaO2/FiO2, mmHg | 134 (98-205) | 134 (102-187) | 134 (97-209) | 0.69 |
| FiO2 | 0.50 (0.30-0.60) | 0.50 (0.40-0.60) | 0.45 (0.30-0.60) | 0.23 |
| pH | 7.43 (7.37-7.47) | 7.43 (7.37-7.47) | 7.42 (7.37-7.46) | 0.22 |
ACEI = angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitor; APACHE = Acute Physiology and Chronic Health Evaluation; ARB = angiotensin II receptor blocker; FiO2 = fraction of inspired oxygen; IQR = interquartile range; PaO2 = arterial partial pressure of oxygen; RRT = rapid response team; SD = standard deviation; SpO2 = oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry. Percentages may not total 100 because of rounding. Where the denominator does not match the total number of patients at the head of the table, this is due to missing data.
Not considering asthma.
Vital signs are the worst available data within 24 hours of hospital admission (highest heart rate, respiratory rate and temperature, and lowest mean arterial pressure)