Table 2.
Interventions and complications of patients admitted to the intensive care unit (ICU) with coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19)
| Interventions and complications | Overall | RRT call | No RRT call | P |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total number of patients | 413 | 126 | 287 | |
| Drugs | ||||
| Antibiotics | 356/394 (90.4%) | 112/118 (94.9%) | 244/276 (88.4%) | 0.06 |
| Steroids | 257/397 (64.7%) | 83/120 (69.2%) | 174/277 (62.8%) | 0.25 |
| Hydroxychloroquine | 33/395 (8.4%) | 13/120 (10.8%) | 20/275 (7.3%) | 0.24 |
| Oseltamivir | 1/396 (0.3%) | 0/120 (0.0%) | 1/276 (0.4%) | 0.99 |
| Lopinavir-ritonavir | 11/396 (2.8%) | 2/120 (1.7%) | 9/276 (3.3%) | 0.52 |
| Remdesivir | 121 (29.3%) | 43/126 (34.1%) | 78/287 (27.2%) | 0.16 |
| Organ support* | ||||
| High flow nasal oxygen | 239/398 (60.1%) | 85/118 (72.0%) | 154/280 (55.0%) | 0.002 |
| Non-invasive ventilation | 46/394 (11.7%) | 13/117 (11.1%) | 33/277 (11.9%) | 0.87 |
| Mechanical ventilation | 218/407 (53.6%) | 74/124 (59.7%) | 144/283 (50.9%) | 0.11 |
| Inotropic or vasopressor | 201/394 (51.0%) | 66/117 (56.4%) | 135/277 (48.7%) | 0.19 |
| Neuromuscular blocking agent | 157/395 (39.7%) | 53/118 (44.9%) | 104/277 (37.5%) | 0.18 |
| Prone positioning | 140/395 (35.4%) | 50/118 (42.4%) | 90/277 (32.5%) | 0.07 |
| Renal replacement therapy | 40/395 (10.1%) | 18/118 (15.3%) | 22/277 (7.9%) | 0.043 |
| Other cardiac procedures | 19/395 (4.8%) | 6/118 (5.1%) | 13/277 (4.7%) | 0.80 |
| Tracheostomy | 31/394 (7.9%) | 5/118 (4.2%) | 26/276 (9.4%) | 0.10 |
| Inhaled nitric oxide | 23/395 (5.8%) | 10/118 (8.5%) | 13/277 (4.7%) | 0.16 |
| ECMO | 9/395 (2.3%) | 3/118 (2.5%) | 6/277 (2.2%) | 0.73 |
| Complications during hospital stay | ||||
| Viral pneumonitis | 251/387 (64.9%) | 71/116 (61.2%) | 180/271 (66.4%) | 0.35 |
| Bacterial pneumonia | 70/377 (18.6%) | 29/113 (25.7%) | 41/264 (15.5%) | 0.029 |
| Bacteraemia | 41/383 (10.7%) | 13/114 (11.4%) | 28/269 (10.4%) | 0.86 |
| Stroke | 3/388 (0.8%) | 2/117 (1.7%) | 1/271 (0.4%) | 0.22 |
| Arrhythmia | 56/388 (14.4%) | 22/117 (18.8%) | 34/271 (12.5%) | 0.12 |
| Barotrauma† | 16/387 (4.1%) | 5/117 (4.3%) | 11/270 (4.1%) | 0.99 |
| Cardiac arrest | 7/388 (1.8%) | 1/117 (0.9%) | 6/271 (2.2%) | 0.68 |
| Pulmonary embolism | 16/371 (4.3%) | 5/115 (4.3%) | 11/256 (4.3%) | 0.99 |
| Deep vein thrombosis | 24/372 (6.5%) | 10/115 (8.7%) | 14/257 (5.4%) | 0.26 |
| Myocarditis | 37/372 (9.9%) | 11/116 (9.5%) | 26/256 (10.2%) | 0.99 |
ECMO = extracorporeal membrane oxygenation; RRT = rapid response team. Percentages may not total 100 because of rounding. Where the denominator does not match the total number of patients at the head of the table, this is due to missing data.
*
Assessed daily until ICU discharge.
†
Defined as pneumothorax or pneumomediastinum or subcutaneous emphysema on chest x-ray or chest computed tomography scan.