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. 2023 Nov 11;9(11):e22142. doi: 10.1016/j.heliyon.2023.e22142

Table 2.

Quality control/assurance in Environmental matrices.

MATRIX No. of COMPOUNDS LOD (liquid: ng/mL; Solid: ng/g; Air: ng/m3) LOQ (liquid: ng/mL; Solid: ng/g; Air: ng/m3) RECOVERY(%) RSD (%) INSTRUMENT/INSTRUMENTAL CONDITIONS/TOTAL RUN TIME REFERENCE
River 7 2 × 10-−6–5.1 × 10−5 1 × 10−5–1.69x10-4 73.3–115.5 4.5–14.6 GC-MS. “splitless mode with initial column flow rate of 1.9 mL min− 1. Initial temperature of oven at 60 °C for 3 min, 110 °C (2 min) at the rate of 5 °C min− 1, reaching 200 °C at 8 °C min− 1 and finally attaining the temperature of 315 °C at 5 °C min− 1 with final holding time of 10 min” [106]
River water 14 66–80 GC-MS/MS: “The initial temperature of oven was set at 150 °C for 3 min, and then raised to 290 °C at a rate of 4 °C/min and held for 10 min” [66]
River water 8 0.001–0.005 81.6–109 GC-ECD: Split. “the column temperature starts at 160 °C with a hold time of 2 min and increased to 270 °C at a rate of 4 °C·min−1 with a 2-min hold. Tail gas flow was 60 mL/min” [34]
Snow 13 1.1x10-6-2.6x10-5 3.2x10-6-7.8x10-5 CRM: (27–137
Internal standard: 70–98		 10–25 GC-MS: “Initial temperature of oven at 40 °C for 2 min, 150 °C (0 min) at the rate of 25 °C min− 1, reaching 200 °C at 0 °C min− 1, 280 °C at 10 °C min− 1 and finally attaining the temperature of 300 °C at 5 °C min− 1 with final holding time of 5 min” RT 12.90–13.90 [80]
Glacier-ice core 25 4 × 10−6 -1.53 × 10−4 9.67–112.4 GC-MS: splitless, “temperature program: 80 °C (2.00 min) to 110 °C at 7 °C min-1 then 3 °C min-1 to 250 °C and a final ramp of 10 °C min-1 to 285 °C with a hold of 5 min” ECDs: “temperature program: 80 °C for 2.00 min, then 10 °C min-1 to 150 °C then 2 °C min-1 to 280 °C hold for 5 min. Hydrogen was used as a carrier at 1.0 mL min-1” [81]
Water wells 20 0.02–0.74 0.05–2.46 GC-MS: “the initial temperature of 90 °C (hold 1.3 min), increased to 125 °C at 15 °C/min, 165 °C at 5 °C/min, 195 °C at 2.5 °C/min, and finally, it was increased to 280 °C at 20 °C/min (hold for 4 min)”. RT 18.38–30.59 [107]
farmland, river, and fishpond water 4 0.46–0.97 nMa 90.20–109.4 4.23 GC-MS [36]
Seawater 10 0.0001–0.0004 Standard spike:20–115; surrogate: 66-84 GC-MS/GC-ECD [35]
Seawater and sediment 50 1 × 10−5–5.6 × 10−4 (seawater) 0.01–1.04 (sediment) 69.5–118.2; 75.2–120.4 9.5 (water); 8 (sediment) GC-MS [108]
Surface water and Sediment 18 Water: 9 × 10−6-2.5 × 10 −4; sediment: 0.018–0.500 Water: 690–122; Sediment: 77-108 GC-MS/MS: Splitless. “the GC temperature programs were as follows: 40 °C for 1 min; 40 °C–120 °C (40 °C min−1), held for 0 min; 120 °C–240 °C (5 °C min−1), held for 0 min; 240 °C–300 °C (12 °C min−1)” [109]
Water, sediment 22 IDL:2.9–112.2 pga; MDL: 5-227 22.42 % 0.75–57.2 % “Gradient temp: 80 °C for 0.75 min, 40.0 °C/min to 170 °C, 2.5 °C/min to 236 °C, then 40.0 °C/min to 275 °C, hold 9.62 min. Run time: 40.0 min. 1 μL injection” [82]
Water and sediment 11 Water: 0.2–0.4; sediment: 1-3 Water: 0.7–1.3; sediment: 4-15 Water: 94–98; sediment:94-103 GC-ECD: “The column temperature was programmed from 90 °C (3 min) at a rate of 25 °C min to 200 °C, fixed for 15 min and then at a charge per unit of 30 °C min to 265 °C held for 5 min to 275 °C (15 min) at 3 ° C min−1”. [110]
Sediment, river water 23 MDL:RW: 2.6 × 10−7 –9.2 × 10−6; sed: 1.8 × 10−4–7.6 × 10−4; 1.5 × 10−4–4.1 × 10−4 RW 62.8–86.3; sed: 66.4–84.3; muscle: 73.1–105 <15 GC-HRMS: “The oven program was 100 °C (1 min), 20 °C/min to 200 °C, and 2.5 °C/min to 270 °C (5 min)” [111]
Water, sediment, benthos, phytoplankton 20 MDLs: Water: 1 × 10−5–2.57 × 10−3; sediment: 0.01–2.81 80–112 <5 GC-μECD [112]
Surface water 20 1 × 10−6-7.2 × 10−5 Surrogate recovery: 88–117 and 85–110 GC-ECD: Splitless, “the initial temperature of 120 °C was ramped to a final temperature of 290 °C with a hold time of 3.5 min” [113]
Water 10 MDL: 0.00010 to 0.00040 20 to 115; surrogate: 66 to 84 [114]
water 19 250–3400 89–105 3.9–13.2 GC-MS: “an initial temperature of 50 °C, which was then to 180 °C at 20 °C/min and held for 1.5 min. This was then increased to 200 °C 3 °C/min and held for 3 min. Finally, it was increased to 230 °C at 5 °C/min and held for 5 min. The total run time was 28.667 min” [115]
water 19 0.00001–0.002 87–105 GC-ECD, GC-MS: Splitless, “the column temperature was programmed from 60 °C to 170 °C at 10 °C/min, a hold for 2 min, followed by an increase to 280 °C at 5 °C/min, and a hold for 3 min, and finally at 15 °C/min to 300 °C″
Water 14 IDL: 0.001–0.116 IQL: 3.6–388 67.3–129 9.2–18.1 HPLC-MS/MS: “The gradient elution program was as follows: 0–0.5 min, 10 % B; 3.0 min, 90 % B; 11.0 min, 90 % B; 11.1 min, 10 % B; 11.1–15.0 min, 10 % B″ [116]
River and pond water 6 0.000011–0.000058 0.00009–0.0.00193 River: 85.9–122; pond: 82.9–96.2 2.7–14.5 GC-MS: Splitless, “the initial oven temperature was at 80 °C and held for 0.5 min, increased to 200 °C at a rate of 30 °C/min, then increased to 250 °C at a rate of 20 °C/min and held for 2 min, and finally increased to 300 °C a rate of 25 °C/min and held for 2 min”. RT 13 min [117]
Agricultural effluents, WWTP 20 0.0001–0.005 0.0005–0.01 GC-MS: “the initial temperature of 80 °C (hold 1 min) increased to 170 °C at 10 °C/min (hold 10 min) then increased to 230 °C at 4 °C/min and finally increased to 280 °C at 3 °C/min (hold for 2 min), with a total acquisition time of 41 min” [118]
Water, DP, SPM 25 MDLs: 0.00021 to 0.00152 MQLs: 0.00070 to 0.00507 surrogate spiked: 61.3–108.6 GC-MS: RT. 13.47–21.72 min [119]
Surface and ground water 7 0.00008–0.00018 78–91 2–6 GC-MS: “The oven temperature began at 80 °C–200 °C at a rate of 10 °C per minute (5 min hold time) and increased to 270 °C at a rate of 5 °C per min (5 min hold time)” [120]
Surface and groundwater 8 0.00003–0.00018 85–92.7 3.9–11.2 GC-ECD: “The oven temperature began at 60C for 1 min and increased to 290C (10 min hold time) at a rate of 4 C/min” [121]
Virtual Organism, sediment 30 VO: 0.0043–0.0435; sediment: 0.00039–0.0276 VO: 22–72; sediment: 19-90 VO: 13–39; sediment: 12-40 HRGC/HRMS [27]
Water and sediment 18 Water: 8.8 to 16.4; sediment: 0.0219 to 0.0298 water: 0.0279 to 0.0497 sediment: 0.0698 to 0.0902 Water: 74–110; sediment: 91–125 0.9–1.8 GC-MS: Splitless, “the oven temperature was set at 150 °C and held for 2 min, raised to 270 °C at 14 °C/min and held for a further 2 min” [38]
Water and sediment 30 Water: 0.00003–0.0001; sediments: 0.00050–0.001 Water: 88.2 to 103.1; sediment: 72.7 to 95.5 GC-MS: “The oven temperature of the GC was initially held at 70 °C for 5 min and raised to 280 °C at 4 °C/min and kept for 5 min”” [39]
WATER AND SOIL 26 WATER: MDLs: 0.00001–0.00089; SOIL: 10-980 Water: 41–113 soil: 57-121 GC−MS/MS: “The oven temperature was programmed as follows: the initial temperature (50 °C) was held for 1 min and increased by 25 °C/min to 125 °C and then increased by 10 °C/min to 300 °C and held for 2 min” [122]
Water sample 5 240–330 740–980 1.4–3.5 GC-ECD: “The oven temperature was set as follows: initial oven temperature of 170 °C for 2 min, increasing to 300 °C at a rate of 10 °C/min”. RT 7.45–13.26 [123]
Water 8 Mixed reference sample: 70–140; surrogate: 70-130 <5 GC-MS: Splitless,. “the initial oven temperature was 80 °C, which was maintained for 1 min, then raised to 160 °C at a rate of 30 °C/min, maintained for 1 min, and finally raised to 265 °C at a rate of 3 °C/min and maintained for 1 min” [124]
Water 24 MDL: 0.00001 to 0.00002 Spike mean: 66; surrogate mean: 92 <20 GC-MS; GC-ECD [99]
Water 8 0.0024–0.0462 77.7–106.3 GC-MS: “oven temperature program began at 100 °C (held for 0.5 min) and was raised to 175 °C at 40 °C·min−1 (held for 2 min), before ramping to 190 °C at 5 °C·min−1. It was then further increased to 205 °C at 20 °C·min−1” [125]
Surface water 13 MDLs: 0.000022–0.000069 Surrogate: 80–110 1.50–5.54 GC-ECD: “initially at 80 °C (equilibrium time 1 min), increased to 150 °C at the rate of 20 °C/min and held for 2 min, before reaching at 300 °C at the rate of 5 °C/min, and then held for 5 min” [126]
Surface water 9 0.000002–0.00003 0.000003–0.000061 Int std: 72-93 <1.8 GC-MSD: “The column temperature was initially held at 50 °C for 1 min, then increased to 160 °C at 7 °C/min and finally increased to 240 °C at 10 °C/min, and was held for 18 min” [127]
Surface water 14 Water: 100; SM: 0.1 92–120 GC-MS [128]
Water lake 20 MDL: 2.81 e−6-1.58e-4 MQL: 2.81e-06-0.000158 1.4–11.9 EC-ECD [129]
Surface water 7 0.0006–0.003 80–115 8–15 GC-ECD: Split, “temperature program of hold for 1 min at 100 °C, drop the temperature at 10 °C/min to 240 °C and hold for 1 min, drop at 1 °C/min to 260 °C and hold 1 min and finally drop at 10 °C/min to 300 °C and hold 10 min” [130]
Surface water 13 0.000006–0.00002 82–124 <20 GC-ECD: “Oven temperature (Initial) 100 °C (1 min) → 180 °C at 25 °C/min (2 min), ramp 5 °C/min → 240 °C (1 min), and at 4.5 °C/min to 260 °C (2 min) → at 10 °C/min to 280 °C (5 min). RT: 8.839–23.195 min” [131]
Water 8 0.001–0.01 94.5–106.8 GC-MS: “initial temperature of 80 °C which was maintained for 1 min, followed by an increase in temperature to 230 °C at a rate of 10 °C min −1, which was then maintained for another 4 min” [132]
water 0.00028–0.01655 0.00092–0.05516 63.6–125 1.03–17 GC-MS [133]
Water 4 40–97 12–29 91.8–103.5 2.7–4.5 MSPE-HPLC-UV: “The column temperature was set at 30 °C and the detection wavelength was set at 238 nm” [134]
Water 51 MDLS:0.0001–0.0031 75.2–105.8 1.8–11.30 GC-MS [135]
water 10 0.00006–0.003 0.0002–0.01 91–109 3–10 GC-MS: “The oven was programmed at 80 °C and increased to 290 °C at 20 °C/min and held at 290 °C for 4.75 min” [45]
Lagoon water 7 51–120 GC-ECD: “The initial oven temperature is 60 °C (for 2-min hold), raised to 160 °C at 20 °C/min then 200 °C (for 10-min hold), and was maintained at 250 °C for 2 min” [136]
Drinking eater 5 305–2340 87–92 4.16–6.06 % “The oven temperature was programmed with an initial isothermal at 150 °C held for 2 min, which was then increased to 210 °C at 10 °C/min, and was held for 1 min, to increase the temperature to the final value of 300 °C at 5 °C/min and held for 5 min” [137]
Drinking water 6 10–20 40–200 GC-MS:“The oven temperature was set at 80C and kept at this temperature for 1 min. Then, the temperature was increased to 175C with a ramp of 30C/min and then kept for 4 min. Next, the oven temperature was increased to 225C with a ramp of 3C/min and kept at this final temperature for 10 min” [138]
Tap water 26 7e-07-0.00009 Spiked: 72–122; internal std: 84-108 <4 GC-MS: “80 °C for 1 min; 80 °C-150 °C (20 °C/min); 150 °C-287.5 °C (5 °C/min); with temperatures of 150 °C, 230 °C, and 280 °C for the quadrupole, ion source, and interface, respectively” [139]
Surface water, SPM 14 MQLs: 2.5e-05–5e-05 Water: 63–127;
SPM: 72-126		 <5 GC-ECD: Splitless, “oven heating started at 90 °C and 1min hold, ramped to 210 °C at the rate of 10 °C/min with 1min hold, and then to 230 °C at 1 °C/min with 10min hold, and finally, it increased to 250 °C at 1 °C/min” [140]
Water, SPM 26 0.00024–0.00183 0.0008–0.00614 SF: 62.5–126; SPM: 60.8–114.8 GC-MS: “The oven temperature was programmed as follows: initially at 70 °C (equilibrium time 1.5 min), increased to 200 °C at the rate of 10 °C/min, continually increased before reaching at 320 °C at the rate of 7 °C/min, and then held for 3 min” [7]WWEE
Water, WTP 6 25–512 800–1630 GC-MS: “The oven temperature was started at 80 °C and kept at this temperature for 1 min. Then, the temperature was increased to 175 °C with a ramp of 30 °C/min and then kept for 4 min. Next, the oven temperature was increased to 225 °C with a ramp of 3 °C/min and kept at this final temperature for 10 min” [141]
Water, sediment 25 Water: 6.3–21; sediment: 1.3–4.1 Water: 21–68 ng/mL; sediment: 4.2–14 CRM: 79.2 to 117; Water: 46.6 to 119; sediment: 86.7–117 Water: 0.05–20; sediment: 0.7–17 GC-MS: “initial temperature of 50 °C, held for 1 min, ramped at 5 °C/min to 180 °C, held for 3 min, and increased to 300 °C at 10 °C/min, maintained for 7 min, equating to a total run time of 49 min” [71]
Water, Soil, sediment 20 Surrogate: 65 and 105 <15 GC-ECD: “The oven temperature program began at 100 °C, held for 1 min, raised to 200 °C at 4 °C·min−1, then to 230 °C at 2 °C·min−1, and ramped to 280 °C at 8 °C·min−1, and held for 15 min” [142]
Water, planktons and corals 8 MDL: Seawater: 2 e−09-1.6e-08: marine biota; 0.0009–0.0013 74–110 GC-MS/MS: “The oven temperature was programmed as follows: 80 °C for 5min, at 20 °C min-1 to 160 °C, at 4 °C min −1 to 240 °C, at 10 °C min −1 to 295 °C with a final hold for 2min”. RT: 11.4–26.3 [89]
Water, biota 16 MDL: 3.3e -07-1.25 e−06 75–89 5.9 [143]
lake 12 0.01 40–100 GC-MS/MS: “The GC programming was as: The primary temperature was 70 °C and hold for 2 min, then ramped up to 150 °C at 25 °C/min, then ramped up to 200 °C at 3 °C/min, finally ramped up to 280 °C at 8 °C/min and hold for 10 min” [144]
Gas and particulate phase 13 0.044–0.145 74.6, 89.6 GC-MS/MS: “The oven temperature program was as follows: initial temperature of 100 °C (hold for 1min), heat to 220 °C at a rate of 5 °C/min (hold for 10min), then heat to 280 °C at a rate of 4 °C/min and hold for 5min” [145]
SOIL 10 0.012–0.061 78.80–110.48 <10 GC-ECD: “The column oven-heating program was as follows: initial temperature of 80 °C, ramped up to 260 °C at the rate of 10 °C⋅min− 1, then heated to 280 °C at the rate of 20 °C⋅min− 1, and held for 5 min” [146]
Soil 8 0.012–0.061 78.80–110.48 <10 GC-ECD: “The oven temperature of gas chromatography was set to start at 120 °C, ramped to 260 °C at the rate of 10 °C·min−1, and then to 280 °C at a rate of 20 °C·min−1, and finally held for 5 min” [147]
Soil 23 MDL: 0.004–0.360 53.9–112 1.6–8.5 GC-HRMS: Splitless, “the oven temperature program was as follows: 100 °C (1 min) → 20 °C/min → 180 °C (5 min) → 0.5 °C/min → 186.5 °C (20 min) → 10 °C/min → 250 °C (24 min) → 40 °C/min → 300 °C (30 min)” [90]
Soil 24 0.00011–0.00549 Surrogate: 60-107 <10 GC-MS/MS: “The temperature program of the GC oven was initially set at 100 °C, then increase to 200 °C at the rate of 10 °C/min, keep heating to 230 °C at the rate of 1 °C/min with the holding time of 1 min, and finally reach 290 °C at the rate of 10 °C/min with the holding time of 10 min” [94]
Soil 19 86–135 GC/HR-MS: “The GC temperature was programmed as follows: 60 °C was held for 1.5 min, then increased to 140 °C at a rate of 10 °C/min, then to 220 °C at a rate of 4 °C/min, 250 °C at a rate of 2 °C/min, and finally to 300 °C at a rate of 8 °C/min”. “Chromatographic analysis was performed at the following temperatures: 120 °C for 1 min and then increased to 180 °C at a rate of 20 °C/min, then to 260 °C at a rate of 2 °C/min, and finally to 300 °C at a rate of 5 °C/min for 4 min” [95]
Soil 3 0.022–0.024 97.8–111.3 7.1–13.1 GC-MS: Splitless. “the column temperature was at 80 °C for 1 min, increased to 150 °C at a rate of 20 °C/min, then increased to 210 °C at a rate of 5 °C/min, and finally increased to 280 °C at a rate of 10 °C/min; thereafter, the temperature remained constant for 5 min” [148]
Soil 15 500–2000 1000–2x104 GC-MS: Splitless, “the oven temperature was programmed starting at 45 °C and held 0.5 min, followed by an increase of 30 °C min─1 up to 90 °C, held 0.5 min, then 10 °C min─1 up to 310 °C for 3 min” [149]
Soil 28 0.036–0.183 GC-ECD: “the oven temperature began at 100 °C (equilibrium time 1 min), rose to 200 °C at 4 °C/min, then to 230 °C at 2 °C/min, and at last reached 280 °C at a rate of 8 °C/min, held for 15 min” [150]
Soil 25 0.018–0.058 0.062–0.199 Surrogate: 59.2–124 GC-ECD: “The oven temperature was set to start from 100 °C (held for 1 min), and then increased by a rate of 4 °C/min to 200 °C, by a rate of 2 °C/min to 230 °C, and at last by a rate of 8 °C/min to 280 °C, with a final holding time of 15 min” [151]
Soil 25 MDL: 0.001–0.02 74.8 and 86.9 <20 %; GC-ECD/GC-MS: “initially 100 °C for 1 min, 4 °C/min to 200 °C, 2 °C/min to 230 °C, and 8 °C/min to 280 °C for 15 min” [152]
Soil 26 MDLs: 0.002–0.008 72.8–100.3 1.5–7.7 HRGC-HRMS: Splitless, “120 °C (2 min hold)-20 °C/min to 200 °C (2 min hold)-5 °C/min to 240 °C (2 min hold)
−2.5 °C/min to 270 °C (2 min hold)-5 °C/min to 300 °C (2 min hold).” Total 35 min”		 [153]
Soil 20 0.05–0.5 0.16–1.55 80.3–109 <10 GC-MS: “The initial oven temperature was maintained at 100 °C for 2 min, ramp to 180 °C at a rate of 15 °C/min, and raised to 300 °C at a flow rate of 3 °C/min and held for 9 min” [154]
Soil 18 MISOLEX: 0.005–1.6; QuEChERS: 0.001–1.48 MISOLEX: 0.02–3.85; QuEChERS: 0.04–4.93 MISOLEX: 65.8–180.9; QuEChERS: 67.8–169.3 MISOLEX: 1.3–22.4; QuEChERS: 1.2–40.9 HS–SPME–GC–MS: SIM, “the initial oven temperature was set to 90 °C and held for 3 min. The temperature was ramped to 150 °C at a rate of 15 °C·min−1. Then, it was ramped to 280 °C at a rate of 5 °C·min−1 and held for 3 min. RT 18.99–33.44 min” [75]
Soil 213 Pesticides; 12 OCPs OCPs: 69–140; Pesticides: 21–197.3 OCPs: 8.2–41.6; pesticides: 0.8–63.6 LC-MS: “The sheath gas was set at 12 L min−1 at 330 °C. The desolvation and nebulizing gas temperature was 190 °C and the flow rate was 11 L min−1 with a pressure of 26 psi. The capillary voltages were set at 3900 and 2600 V in positive and negative ionization mode, respectively. The cycle time was 700 ms and dwell time 3–83 min; GC-MS: Splitless, “The column temperature was maintained at 80 °C for 1.8 min, increased to 170 °C at a rate of 40 °C/min, then increased to 310 °C at a rate of 10 °C/min and held for 3 min” [76]
Soil 12 0.048 and 3.125 0.5 and 20 67.9–119.6 3.1–31.6 GC-MS: “The temperature ramp was programmed as follows: (a) 80 ◦C—1.8 min; (b) 80 °C to 170 °C at a rate of 40 °C min−1; (c) 170 °C to 310 °C at a rate of 10 °C min−1; (d) 310 °C for 3 min. The total time for each analysis was 20.75 min” [15]
Soil 8 DL: 0.002–0.05 QL: 0.158–0.169 80 to 110 5–10 GC-ECD: “The oven temperature of gas chromatography was set to start at 120 °C for 1 min, ramped to 240 °C at the rate of 7 °C/min and held for 5 min. RT: 9.07–16.912 min” [155]
Soil 10 50–120 GC-ECD: “initial oven temperature was 100 °C (equilibrium time 1 min), raised to 200 °C at a rate of 4 °C·min−1, then increased to 230 °C at 2 °C·min−1, then raised to 280 °C at 8 °C·min−1 and held for 15 min” [156]
Soil 14 0.01 81–118 GC-MS [157]
Soil 0.03–0.20 90.1–93.7 GC-MS: Splitless, “the initial oven temperature was maintained at 100 °C for 2 min, ramp to 180 °C at a rate of 15 °C/min and then raises to 300 °C at a flow rate of 3 °C/min and held for 9 min” [158]
Soil OCPs (23), CUPs(24) 0.001–7.83 0.003–26.1 Procedural blank: 70-130
Spiked blank:
71.3–126		 <20 GC-TQ-MS: Splitless, “held in 1 min at 60 °C, then ramped to 120 °C at the rate of 40 °C/min, and finally up to 310 °C with 5 °C/min and held for 3 min” [83]
Soil 8 4–10 2.4–32 75–10 0.1–4.2 GC-MS: “The temperature of 80 °C lasted for 2 min, then raised to 210 °C (10 °C/min), and remained constant for 10 min, and further raised to 250 °C (10 °C/min) and remained constant for 5 min (PCBs and OCPs)” [159]
Soil 4 0.002–0.003 75–105 <10 GC-ECD: “The initial temperature was held at 100 °C (equilibration time of 1 min) and raised to 200 °C at 4 °C/min, then to 230 °C at 2 °C/min, and finally raised to 280 °C at a rate of 8 °C/min, and held for 15 min” [160]
Soil 20 0.1 72.5–124.1 1–6.7 GC-ECD: “The oven temperature was set at 80 °C initially for 2 min, and increased to 170 °C at the rate of 25 °C/min, then ramped to 250 °C at 5 °C/min and held for 2 min, and then raised to 280 °C at 25 °C/min and eventually held for 2 min” [161]
Soil 23 0.04–1.21 63.9 and 112.1 0.4 and 26.2 GC-MS/MS [162]
Soil 14 98–102 GC-MS/MS: “temperature program 100 °C, 1 min; 10 °C/min to 160 °C, 4 min and 10 °C/min to 260 °C, 2 min, transfer line temperature 280 °C, total analysis time 19.2 min” [163]
Soil 8 0.0045–0.034 78–107 3.0–6.9 GC-QTOF-MS: Splitless, “the GC oven temperature profile was started at 100 °C and maintained at this temperature for 3 min, then it was ramped to 170 °C at a rate of 5 °C/min, subsequently ramped to 300 °C at a rate of 10 °C/min, and then the back-flush was performed for 0.5 min at 310 °C″ [164]
soil 0.02–0.15 GC-ECD: Split, “initial run temperature 80 °C, ramped at 50 °C/min to 210 °C, then ramped at 1 °C/min to 220 °C and held for 1 min, and finally ramped at 2 °C/min to 230 °C″ [165]
soil 14 IDL: 0.001–0.013 63–127 GC-ECD: “Increase the temperature to 80 °C during 1 min, then increase the temperature to 150 °C by the rate of 15 °C/min, up to 250 °C with 5 °C/min, and eventually up to 300 °C during 5 min” [166]
Soil 4 0.628–3.68 2.093–12.27 81.42–110.7 1.68–9.43 GC-ECD: Split, column temperature: 250 °C″ [167]
Soil 6 0.10 86–90 3–10 ECD: “0 °C for 1 min, 30 °C/min to 180 °C, 180 °C, for 1 min, 3 °C/min to 205 °C, 205 °C for 4 min, 20 °C/min to 290 °C, 290 °C for 7 min”; GC-MS/MS: “70 °C for 2 min 25 °C/min to 150 °C for 0 min; 3 °C/min to 200 °C for 0 min; 8 °C/min to 280 °C for 10 min hold time” [168]
Topsoil (8 OCPs and chlorpyrifos; 32 CUPs UPLC-MS/MS: 0.002–0.23; GC–MS: 0.1–1.2 UPLC-MS/MS: 0.02–0.75; GC–MS: 0.3–4.3 76.7–110.3 1.7–11.8 GC-MS, UPLC-MS/MS [169]
Soil, moss 7 0.006–0.032 76–114 <4 GC-ECD: “The column temperature was from 90 °C (with 1 min hold) to up to 180 °C at 30 °C/min (1 min hold), and then up to 240 °C at 2 °C/min with a hold of 20 min and finally up to 260 °C at 5 °C/min with an 8 min hold” [170]
Surface soil 20 0.001–0.0028 85–110 GC-MS: “Oven temperature for GC-MS analysis was set at 60 °C for 1 min and increased to 290 °C (10 min hold time) at the rate of 4 °C/min” [90]
soil, spring water, river water, spring sediment, and river sediment 24 MDL: water: 1 × 10−5-2x10−5 sediment/soil: 1 × 10−5-2x10−5 Surrogate: 70.8 and 86.6 <20 GC-ECD: “The GC oven temperature program was set as: initially 100 °C for 1 min, 4 °C/min to 200 °C, 2 °C/min to 230 °C, and 8 °C/min to 280 °C for 15 min” [171]
Air, soil water, sediment Endodulphan MDL: Air: 2.5 × 10−4-5.8 × 10−4 soil & sediment: 2.95 × 10−3-5.59 × 10−3; water: 4.34 × 10−6 -3.02 × 10−5 Air:51–112, soil: 57–102, water: 57–105 sediment: 53–107 GC-HRMS: “Splitless, the initial oven temperature was set at 80 °C, raised to 150 °C at 20 °C/min, then to 235 °C at 5 °C/min, and finally to 300 °C at 15 °C/min, where it was held for 5 min” [91]
Dust OCPs 77 and 95 GC-MS: “The initial temperature of the column chamber was 60 °C and held for 1 min, then increased at a rate of 4 °C/min to 280 °C and held for 10 min, then increased at a rate of 10 °C/min to 300 °C and held for 10 min” [172]
Dust 20 0.06–0.38 0.06–0.38 71–112 2–17 GC-MS/MS: “The GC oven temperature program was set as follows: held at 70 °C for 5 min, ramped at 10 °C/min to 160 °C and then at 5 °C/min to 280 °C, held for 5 min, ramped at 20 °C/min to 300 °C, and finally held for 5 min” [173]
Indoor dust 16 MDL: 0.004–0.2 Surrogate: 46.4–120.51 GC-MS: “initial oven temperature was maintained at 100 °C at the rate of 20 °C/min and later increased to 240 °C and 296 °C at the rate of 4 °C/min and 8 °C/min” [5]
Indoor dust 26 MDL: 0.00131–0.0073 Surrogate: 88 to 110 and 99–121 GC-MS: “The GC oven program used was: 60 °C for 1 min, 30 °C/min to 220 °C held for 0 min, and 5 °C/min to 300 °C held for 15 min” [174]
Sediment 11 0.002–042 0.007–0.141 78.46–98.47 GC/MS-MS TSQ: “The column temperature started at 80 °C for 2 min at a rate of 30 °C, increased to 150 °C at a rate of 5 °C/min, then increased to 280 °C at a rate of 3 °C/min, and finally increased to 320 °C and held for 1 min” [175]
Sediment 0.001–0.004 0.004–0.079 GC-MS/MS “Oven temperature: 80 °C, 2 min-1, 150 °C/min to 290, 0 min, 310 °C, final hold of 1 min. RT: 11.21–22.35 min” [176]
Soil, Sediment 20 MDLs: Soil: 0.0020–0.058; sediment: 0.0013 to 0.50 Surrogate spike: 86-100 <10 GC-MS: “The GC temperature program was initially maintained at 80 °C for 2 min, and then increased to 180 °C at a rate of 20 °C/min, and then increased to 220 °C at a rate of 2 °C/min, and then increased to 245 °C at a rate of 1 °C/min, and then increased to 310 °C at a rate of 10 °C/min, finally held for 10 min” [96]
Sediment 0.005–0.048 0.018–0.159 GC Ultra TSQ Quantum XLS: “Oven temperature: 90 °C, 1 min,15 °C/min to 160 °C
3 °C/min to 225 °C, 6 °C/min to 305, 8 min, 3 °C/min to 310 °C, final hold of 17 min”		 [177]
Sediment 15 0.0029–0.35 80-120; surrogate: 79 and 73 3.4–14 GC-MS: EIM mode, “initial at 80 °C hold for 2 min, 20 °C/min to 180 °C, 2 °C/min to 220 °C, 1 °C min −1 to 245 °C, 10 °C min −1 to 300 °C, hold for 10 min. RT: 17.569–29.913 min” [97]
Sediment 13 LC-HRMS: “The full MS scan ranged from 100 to 900 m/z, and the collision gas was N2. The capillary temperature and probe heater temperature were set at 325 °C and 350 °C, respectively, and the spray voltage was 3000 V, RT: 0.49–9.90” [68]
Sediment 19 0.01–0.59 71–106 3–19 GC-MS: “The temperature program was: initial temperature: 60 °C, 6 °C/min to 290 °C (10 min). The carrier gas was nitrogen at a flow rate of 1.2 mL/min” [178]
Sediment 18 0.04–0.20 Blank and sample spiked surrogate: 90.25–110.49 <35 GC-MS: “The oven temperature programming was set to start at 50 °C, holding for 3 min, increased to 300 °C at a heating rate of 12 °C/min, and holding to 45min” [179]
Sediment 18 0.01–0.20 >87 GC-ECD: “initial temperature: 120 °C, 15 °C/min to 210 °C (1 min), 2 °C/min to 245 °C (1 min), 30 °C/min to 290 °C (3 min)” [37]
Sediment HCHs and DDTs 0.00188 to 0.013 for HCHs, 0.00017 to 0.0123 for DDTs Surrogates: 51-85 GC-MS-ECNI [180]
Sediment 7 0.02–0.16 Surrogate: 52–118; individual recoveries: 71–107; spiked sediment and blank: 75-112 GC-ECD: “The following oven heating ramp was used: (1) 100 °C for 1 min, (2) 100–140 °C at 5 °C/min for 1 min, (3) 140–250 °C at 1.5 °C/min for 1 min, and (4) 250–300 °C at 10 °C/min for 10 min (total run = 90 min)” [102]
Sediment 22 MDL: 0.10–1.59 0.34–5.30 87–118 GC-HRMS: “120 °C(0.5 min) to 180 °C at 10 °C min. −1 to 210 °C at 4 °C min. −1 (12 min) to 300 °C at 10 °C min −1” [181]
Sediment 24 MDL: 0.004–0.13 Surrogate: 69.1 and 90.4 GC-ECD: “initial temperature was 100 °C for 1min, raised to 200 °C at a rate of 4 °C/min, then increased to 230 °C at 2 °C/min, finally raised to 280 °C at 8 °C/min and held for 15 min” [182]
Sediment Insecticides(34) 0.013–0.33 Spiked samples: 40–130; surrogate: 65.3–61.5 GC-MS: “The oven had an initial temperature of 70 °C holding for 1 min, and being heated to (i) 180 °C at 20 °C/min, (ii) 260 °C at 4 °C/min, and (iii) 300 °C at 15 °C/min, which was held for 6 min” [103]
Sediment 19 MDL: 0.01–0.16 Surrogate: 93 ± 13 and 83 ± 7; spiked standard: 75–95 5–12 “The oven temperature was initiated at 100 °C (held for 1 min) and increased to 200 °C at 4 °C/min, 230 °C at 2 °C/min, and finally 280 °C at 8 °C/min (held for 15 min)” [183]
Sediment 24 0.01–0.02 71.2–106 GC-ECD [184]
sediment 17 0.001–0.005 Matrix: 70–109; procedural: 77-114 GC-ECD: “oven-heated started at 80 °C with a 2 min hold, ramped to 190 °C at a rate of 25 °C/min, then 5 °C/min to 280 °C, and finally 25 °C/min to 300 °C with a 5 min hold” [185]
sediment 22 MDL:2.78 × 10−4-0.020579 62–124 <20 GC-MS/MS [186]
sediment 6 Spiked: 74.5–106.2; sur: 68.95 GC-MS/MS: “an initial temperature of 80 °C was maintained for 2 min and increased at a rate of 20 °C/min to 180 °C and held for 5 min. Then, it was increased at a rate of 10 °C/min to 290 °C and maintained for 15 min” [187]
Sediment 0.00015–0.0003 ng/mL 72–110 GC-MS: “The oven temperature was programmed as follows: maintain 80 °C for 1 min, then increase at 20 °C/min to 150 °C and then at 5 °C/min to 300 °C, and then hold at the final temperature for 5 min” [188]
Sediment 14 MS/NCI: 0.03–2.24; ECD: 1.2–4.6 MCI: 0.11–7.41L; ECD: 3.9–15.2 NCI: 88.6–120 %; ECD: 81.8–117 % NCI: 0.2–1.7; ECD: 0.4–2.7 ECD: “Initial temperature 90 °C held for 1 min; ramped at 30 °C/min to 200 °C, not held, 2 °C/min to 235 °C, not held, 20 °C/min to 300 °C, held for 10 min, RT: 50–60 min”; GC-MS/NCI: “Initial temperature 40 °C held for 1min; ramped 50 °C/min to 110 °C, not held; 5 °C/min to303 °C, not held: 20 °C/min to 335 °C, held for 5.4 min. RT: 45–48 min” [189]
Sediment 18 MDL: 0.056–0.918 Sur: 60-13 <20 GC-ECD: “Initial column temperature started at 100 °C, was kept for 1 min and raised to 320 °C at a rate of 4 °C/min and held for 5 min” [190]
sediment 21 0.003–0.080 Spiked recovery: 81.3–94.2; surrogate recovery: 73.6–112.7 % and; 68.7–101.8 <15 GC-μECD and GC–MS: “Splitless, oven temperatures were programmed from 60 to 170 °C (at the rate of 25 °C/min, hold 2 min), from 170 to 250 °C (at the rate of 3 °C/min, hold 4 min), from 250 to 280 °C (at the rate of 4 °C/min, hold 1 min), and finally from 280 to 300 °C (at the rate of 20 °C/min) [86]
Sediment 11 0.05 80.26–95.89 GC-MS/MS [191]
Sediment 20 0.003–0.08 78–110 0.19–1.93 GC-μECD: “Splitless, the oven temperature programs for OCPs and PCBs were set as follows: holding at 60 °C for 1 min, heating to 170 °C at a rate of 10 °C/min holding for 2 min, and then heating to 280 °C at a rate of 5 °C/min holding for 2 min, and finally heating to 300 °C at the rate of 20 °C/min” [192]
Sediment 25 MQL: 0.0025 53–119 GC-ECD: “The oven temperature was programmed to 50 °C for 1 min, increased at 20 °C/min to 200 °C and at 10 °C/min to 300 °C, and held for 5 min” [193]
Sediment HCH, DDT MDL: 0.005–0.01 79 and 97 GC-ECD: “The oven temperature began at 60 °C for 1 min and increased to 290 °C (10 min hold time) at a rate of 4 °C/min” [194]
Sediment 21 MDL: 0.003–0.86 78–110 GC-ECD: “The oven temperature was programmed from 60 to 170 °C (2 min hold) at the rate of 10 °C/min, to 280 °C (3 min hold) at the rate of 5 °C/min, and finally to 300 °C at the rate of 15 °C/min” [195]
Sediment 13 0.25 75–115 GC-ECD [196]
Sediment MDL: 0.020–0.04 Matrix-spiked: 75–110; surrogate: 70-105 GC-MS [197]
sediment DDT QL: 0,002 Sur: 55–92; spiked bl: 63–110; sample std: 76-101 GC-MS/MS: “Oven temperature ramps were programmed as follows: 50 °C for 1 min, increased at 20 °C/min to 200 °C, then at 10 °C/min to 300 °C, with a final hold of 5 min” [198]
Sediment, worm 10 0.01–0.5 84–94 GC-MS: “The oven temperature programme was set at 90 °C where it was held for 2 min, it was ramped to 280 °C at a rate of 6 °C/min” [199]
Sediment 21 0.003–0.080 Spiked recover: 81.3–94.2; surrogate recovery: 73.6–112.7 and 68.7–101.8 <15 GC-μECD: “Oven temperatures were programmed from 60 to 170 °C (at the rate of 25 °C/min, hold 2 min), from 170 to 250 °C (at the rate of 3 °C/min, hold 4 min), from 250 to 280 °C (at the rate of 4 °C/min, hold 1 min), and finally from 280 to 300 °C (at the rate of 20 °C/min)”” [86]
Sediment 22 MDL: 0.002–15.21 61 ± 8 0.4–20 HRGC/LRMS: “Split, oven temp: 75 °C (holding time of 1 min) to 100 °C at 25 °C min−1, then to 225 °C at 6 °C min−1 (holding time of 1 min), finally to 255 °C at 6 °C min−1 (holding time of 1 min); 30 min run time” [200]
Sediment 22 0.04–0.71 82–94 GC-MS: “The GC oven temperature was programed as follows: initial temperature 70 °C (2 min), then raised to 175 °C (10 °C/min) and held isothermally for 4 min, then raised to 320 °C (5 °C/min) and finally held for 1 min. The injector was set from 50 °C (0.1 min isothermal) to 250 °C (200 °C/min) held for 10 min” [201]
Sediment 20 0.03–0.2 Surrogate: 88.6 and 91.7 % “Splitless, the initial temperature of the oven was 90 °C with a 1-min grip, and the temperature was increased to 210 °C at the rate of 10 °C/min with a 1-min hold; the temperature was enhanced to 230 °C with increments of 1 °C/min with a 10-min hold; ultimately, the temperature was increased to 250 °C at the rate of 1 °C/min” [202]
Sediment, soil 4) 1.6 to 2.3; sediment: 0.2–4 Surrogate: 70-92 GC-MS: “Splitless, the oven temperature was programmed to 140 °C with a 0.5 min hold, ramping at 20 °C/min to 270 °C and a 5 min hold, then to 290 °C at 3 °C/min and a 2 min hold, and finally to 310 °C at 40 °C/min and a 3 min hold” [203]
Sediment, soil 4 2 × 10−5-5x10−5 82–106 [204]
Sediment, soil 18 0.05–0.25 Spiked: 88-1-102.1 <6 GC-MS: “The column oven temperature was initially 50 °C for 1 min, ramped up at 30 °C/min to 150 °C for 1 min, 10 °C/min to 180 °C for 3 min, 3 °C/min to 210 °C for 1 min, 5 °C/min to 250 °C, and finally 15 °C/min to 290 °C for 3 min (RT: 36 min)” [205]
Sediment 17 DL: 0.42–3.1 CRM: 85.1–123.4 spiked revovery: 8.9–22.9 GC X GC-TOFMS: “The GC oven was set to 75 °C (held for 0.5 min), then raised to 280 °C at a rate of 8 °C/min and maintained at this temperature for 2 min” [206]
Sediment 13 Sur: 75-110 GC-MSD: “Oven temperature was set at 60 °C for 1 min and increased to 290 °C (10 min hold time) at a rate of 4 °C/min” [207]

Sewage sludge		 17 0.04–0.49 0.22–2.17 85.2–99.6 3.5–9.6 GC/μ-ECD: “The oven was held at 100 °C for 1 min, and ramped up at 20 °C per min to 180 °C, at 5 °C/min to 270 °C, and at 20 °C/min to 320 °C″ [208]
Sediment, plant 16 MDL: soil: 0.007–0.028; plant: 0.030–0.137 75-125; surrogate: 84.1–110.6 GC-ECD, GC-MS: “The temperature programming of oven is: 110 °C (hold 2 min), raising 10 °C/minutes to 180 °C, then 5 °C/minutes to 280 °C (hold 20 min)” [209]
Sediment, shrimp 6 0.1–0.5 64.4–94.6 <10 GC-MS/MS: “The oven temperature was programmed to an initial temperature of 50 °C, held for 1 min, increased at a rate of 25 °C min−1 to 125 °C, and finally increased at a rate of 10 °C min−1 to 310 °C and held for 2 min” [210]
Water, Sediment 20 100–1500 65–110 <20 GC-MS: “Splitless, the oven temperature was programmed from 35 °C, increased to 150 °C with a ramping rate of 15 °C/min and held for 5 min, and then increased to 290 °C with a ramping rate of 3 °C/min and held for 2 min” [211]
Water, sediment 8 0.07–0.31 0.21–0.95 92.4 GC-MS: “Splitless, the oven temperature program was: 70 °C raised to 140 °C (25 °C/min), a second ramp at 15 °C/min to 210 °C and a final ramp at 10 °C/min to 300 °C″ [212]
Water, sediment 19 Water: 0.8–2; sediment: 0.075–0.122 water: 71–106; sed: 77-110 <15 GC-ECD: “80–196 °C (4 °C/min rate, 2 min), from 196 to 224 °C (4 °C/min rate, 2 min), from 224 to 240 °C (4 °C/min rate, 2 min), and from 240 to 275 °C (rate 4 °C/min, 2 min)” [213]
Sediment, SPM 7 70 and 106 % “The GC temperature program started at 80 °C (1.5 min hold), ramped 40 °C/min to 200 °C (18 min hold), and finally ramped 5 °C/min to 305 °C″ [214]
DP SPM SED 16 D & SPM: 78.8–102.7; SED = 0.0005–0.0050 Procedural blank DP:80.5; SPM: 79.3; sediment 83.7. Spiked blank:
78.8–102.7		 [215]
sediment, mud 9 0.5 <5 80–120 <35 GC-QqQ/MS: “the GC oven is temperature-programmed from 80 °C (isotherm 2 min) to 300 °C at 12 °C/min, then held for 5 min until run time 25.33 min” [216]
Sediment, aquatic food 19 Sediment: 0.04–0.09; 0.03–0.21 Sediment: 81.7–109.8; aquatic food: 86.4–110.4 GC-MS: “column temperature was initially set at 80 °C for 1 min, ramped at 30 °C per minute to 170 °C, 5 °C per minute to 240 °C, 30 °C per minute to 320 °C, and then held at 320 °C for 3 min; RT: 10.55–17.96” [217]
Soil air, and deposited sample 24 For PUF: 0.05, DP: 0.00005,
Soil: 0.005		 PUF:82; Filter: 79, DP: 100; Soil GC-HRMS: “Splitless, the oven was held for 2 min, then increased to 160 °C at 10 °C/min, to 225 °C at 4 °C/min, and finally to 320 °C at 10 °C/min and held for 2 min” [218]
Air, soil 10 MDL: soil: 7 × 10−5–1.13 × 10−3; air: 1 × 10−6–4.6 × 10−5 Surrogate: soil:70.2, 99.5; air: 75.4, 98.6 <10 GC-MS/MS: “The GC oven temperature was programmed as: initially 100 °C, 10 °C/min to 200 °C, 1 °C/min to 230 °C for 1 min, and 10 °C/min to 290 °C for 10 min” [219]
Soil and water 8 10.4 (water); 490 (soil) 58.3 (water) 1.63(soil) 79.4–129 4.52–18.8 LC-QqQ-MS/MS; GC-MS/MS: “The column temperature and ion source temperature were controlled at 30 °C and 200 °C, respectively. N2 was used as nebulizer with 40 psi, 450 °C, and 11 L min−1. The capillary voltage was controlled at 4000 V″ [220]
Air 22 MDL: 0.000037–0.000269 0.118–0.940 61.2–114.5: CRM: 58.1–116.1 GC-HRMS: “The initial oven temperature was maintained at 100 °C for 1 min, which was then increased to 180 °C, 200 °C, 220 °C, and 300 °C at a rate of 20 °C·min−1, 1.4 °C·min−1, 5 °C·min−1 (held for 0.314 min), and 40 °C·min−1 (held for 4.4 min), respectively” [221]
Air 1 0.01–0.05 79%-105 GC-MS-ECD: “The oven temperature program was as follows: the temperature started at 100 °C, held for 1 min, and then increased at 4 °C/min to 200 °C, at 2 °C/min to 230 °C, and at last at 8 °C/min to 280 °C, with a final holding time of 15 min” [222]
Air 13 0.000011–0.000073 0.006–0.030 Surrogate:62-93 GC-MS: “The temperature program for GC started at 80 °C (1.5 min hold), then continued with 40 °C/min to 200 °C (18 min hold) and lastly 5 °C/min to 305 °C (no hold)” [30]
Air 18 DL: 0.05 101 22 GC-HRMS: “The oven was held for 2 min, then increased to 160 °C at 10 °C/min, to 225 °C at 4 °C/min, and finally to 320 °C at 10 °C/min and held for 2 min” [223]
Air OCPs(27); CUPs(25) OCPs: 38.2–148; CUPs: 59.3–170 GC-APCI-MS/MS: splitless, “the oven temperature programme was 90 °C (1 min hold), then 40 °C.min−1 until 200 °C, followed by 2 °C.min−1 until 240 °C, and 40 °C.min−1 until 310 °C (5 min hold)”; GC-MS: “The temperature program for GC started at 80 °C (1.5 min hold), then 40 °C.min−1 to 200 °C and finally 5 °C.min−1 to 305 °C (no hold)”; CUPs: HPLC-MS/MS [51]
Air 4 IDLs: 0.011–0.071 pga; MDL: 0.000005–0.00111 Ave:108 <15 GC-MS/MS [224]
Air 10 0.24–4.83 pga >70 GC-ECD [225]
Air 25 0.000002–0.0007 Surrogate: 33.9–155 0.64–16 GC-HRMS: “The oven temperature was 110 (1 min), 20 °C/min up to 210 °C， 1.5 °C/min up to 218 °C (1 min), 2/min up to 260 °C (1 min)” [226]
Air 29 Samples: 3–210; method blank: 11–135; fields: 12-141 0–17 GC-MS: “The programmed oven temperature went from 55 °C (hold time 2 min) to 200 °C at 70 °C min−1 (hold time 1 min), and then to 280 °C (10 °C/min) (hold time 1 min)., and then to 310 °C at 10 °C/min and finally to 325 °C at 70 °C (hold time 10 min)” [227]
Air 33 0.02–0.3 82–106 2–9 GC-MS/MS: “The programmed oven temperature went from 90 °C (hold time 5 min) to 180 °C for 5 min, and then to 180 °C (5 °C/min) (hold time 3 min)., and then to 280 °C at 10 °C/min and finally to 300 °C (hold time 3 min)” [228]
Air 17 0.0001–0.055 Surrogate: 118-123 GC/ECNI-MS [229]
Air OCPs(27), CUP(3) 2 × 10−5-3x10−4 5 × 10−5-1.03 × 10−3 Surrogate: 75 and 105 GC-ECD [230]
Air 9 0.71–2.13; IDL: 0.04–0.15 69–117 GC-μ-ECD: “The initial oven temperature was held at 50 °C for 1 min and raised to 200 °C at 25 1 C/min, 200–300 1C at 8 °C/min” [231]
Air 13 MDL: 0.007–1.27 ng/samplea Int stan: 44.1–211 GC-MS: “The GC temperature program started at 80 °C (1.5 min hold), then continued with 40 °C min1 to 200 °C (18 min hold) and lastly 5 min1 to 305 °C (no hold)” [232]
Air 100 IDL: 0.04–4.83 pga >75 GC-ECD: “the oven program for OCPs was 80 °C (1 min) and then 20 °C/min to 300 °C. The injector and detector inlet temperatures for both PCBs and OCPs were 250 °C and 320 °C, respectively” [233]
Air 15 MQL: 0.00080–0.097 40–110 <10 GC-MS: “The oven temperature program was as follows: 80 °C for 1 min, increased at 30 °C/min to 190 °C, followed by 2.5 °C/min to 230 °C, then increased at 20 °C/min to 260 °C and hold for 12 min, finally followed by 20 °C/min to 320 °C and hold for 23 min” [234]
Air 0.21 78.2–93.1 7.48–17.1 GC × GC-LRMS ECD: “The initial oven temperature was maintained at 100 °C for 1 min and then 30 °C/min to 160 °C maintained for 5 min and increased to 300 °C at 1.5 °C/min and maintained for 2 min” [235]
Air 20 81.4–115.31 GC-ECD: “The column temperature was increased from 80 °C to 210 °C at 10 °C/min, then increased at 0.8 °C/min to 250 °C and held for 1 min, and finally increased to 290 °C at a rate of 10 °C/min and held for 12 min” [236]
Air suspended particles 16 MDL: 0.0005–0.0027 66–108 GC-MS: “The oven was operated with a temperature ramp: 40 °C for 1 min, 50 °C/min up to 110 °C, 5 °C/min up to 303 °C, 20 °C/min up to 335 °C for 20 min” [237]
Air, water 4 DP: 0.1–5.94; GP: 1.8–5.52 DP: 0.11–7.15; GP: 2.31–8.31 GC-ECD: “The programmed oven temperature went from 90 °C (hold time 1 min) to 190 °C at 20 °C min−1, and then to 310 °C (3 °C/min) (hold time 18 min)” [100]
Air, water 12 Air: 1 × 10−7-1.4 × 10−6; Water: 1 × 10−7-7x10−7 Surrogate: 45–64 and 72−98 GC-MS/MS: “Splitless, the GC temperature programme was 80 °C (1 min hold), then 40 °C min-1 to 200 °C, and finally 5 °C min-1 to 305 °C”. [104]
Air, water 9 IDL: 7.7 × 10−5-9.6 × 10−5; MDL: Air: 0.01342–0.0175; water: 1.991 × 10−5-2.649 × 10−5 GC-ECD, GC-MS: “Temperature program: 60C, 1.5 min, 25C min1, 140C, 8C min1, 300C, 20 min” [238]
Air, seawater, coral tissues 22 MDL: Seawater: 2.8 × 10−9-5.64 × 10−8, Air: 9 × 10−7-1.85 × 10−5, Coral tissue: 0.001–0.0358 Surrogate: 63.2–110 GC-MS/MS [239]
Air, soil 22 IDL: 2.5 × 10−5-5.31 × 10−4 64.5–95.0;
CRM: 73.1–152		 GC-MS: “The GC oven temperature program was as follows: 50 °C hold for 1 min; 25 °C/min to 100 °C; 5 °C/min to 260 °C (hold 1 min); 10 °C/min to 300 °C (hold 5 min)” [240]
Gas-phase, particle phase 22 0.00112–0.0076 0.00232–0.0054 64–103 GC-MS: “Splitless, temperature program was 2 min at 80 °C, 10 °C/min to 285 °C (wait for 5 min), 25 °C/min to 315 °C (wait for 5 min)” [241]
Particle-bound, sea 20 MDL: 1.5 × 10−6-3.3 × 10−4 76–81 GC-MS: “The oven temperature was programmed as follow: 80 °C at the beginning and held for 2 min, increased to 180 °C at a rate of 20 °C per min, increased to 220 °C at a rate of 2 °C per min, increased to 245 °C at a rate of 1 °C per min, increased to 310 °C at a rate of 10 °C per min and held for 10 min” [242]
Gas, seawater 221 Gaseous: 2 × 10−6–0.038; aqueous: 3 × 10−9–7.6 × 10−5 Gaseous: 44–128; seawater: 42–127; median recoveries in spiked samples: 52–110 in air and 43–136 seawater GC-MS/MS: “Splitless, the GC column temperature was initiated at 60 °C (held for 1 min), increased to 120 °C at 40 °C/min (held for 0 min), then to 310 °C at 5 °C/min (held for 0 min). RT: 5.6–56.5 min” [243]
Gas/particular matter phase 31 MDL: 1–345 fg/m3a surrogate 81–121 6.5–15.1 GC-MSD [244]
Gas phase 17 MDLs: 0.0007 87–101.8 <5 GC-ECD [245]
Gas-particule 23 MDL: 1.1–344.4 fg/m3a 83–120 7.4–13.7 GC-ECNI: “oven program was set to 50 °C initial temperature, hold for 1 min, 30 °C/min to 140 °C, then 2.20 °C/min to 285 °C, and finally 15 °C/min to 300 °C, hold for 15 min (85.91 min total run time)” [246]
Aerosol 0.14–0.44 0.63–1.5 90–14 0.19–3.4 GC-MS [247]
Silicone sheet 7 0.036–0.173 0.0008–0.078 GC-MS/MS [248]
plastics 18 30–500 Surrogate: 74.4–80 GC-MS: “The GC oven temperature was raised from 70 °C (held for 2 min) to 200 °C at 20 °C/min and then increased to 250 °C at 10 °C/min” [249]
plastics 8 Surrogate: 82.5–114; spike: 95-105 GC-ECD: “The column oven temperature was programmed as follows: 80 °C for 2 min, increased at 8 °C per minute to a final 280 °C, which was held for 20 min. Total run time was 49 min” [250]
Water, microplastics 8 0.2–10 69–85 GC-MS, GC-HRMS: “The oven temperature was initially set at 75 °C for 2 min, increased at first to 150 °C at a rate of 20 °C/min and held for 2 min, then increased to 260 °C at a rate of 3 °C/min and held for 2 min, and finally increased to 300 °C at a rate of 20 °C/min and held for 1 min” [251]
a

= values not converted.