TABLE 1.

Characteristics of studies in the meta‐analysis that investigate the association between periodontal disease and atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter.

First author/year	Country	Study design	Patients (n)		Study population/inclusion criteria	Exclusion criteria	Periodontal disease diagnosis	Atrial fibrillation/atrial flutter diagnosis
			Periodontal disease	Nonperiodontal disease
Chen/2016	Taiwan	A retrospective cohort	393 745	393 745	Participants from The Taiwanese National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) included patients with PD and non‐PD that were individually matched with a 1:1 ratio based on gender and individual age	Previous diagnoses of AF or AFL	A diagnosis code (ICD9‐CM Codes 523.3–5)	A diagnosis code (ICD9‐CM Codes 427.31–2)
Hsu/2022	Taiwan	A retrospective cohort	282 560	282 560	Participants from The Taiwanese National Health Insurance Research Database (NHIRD) included patients with periodontitis and nonperiodontitis that were individually matched with a 1:1 ratio based on age, urbanization level, income, and index day	Prior stroke	A diagnosis code 523.X with subgingival curettage treatment code (91006–91 008)	N/A
Sen/2021	United States	A prospective cohort	4289	1669	Participants from the Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities (ARIC) Study	Prior AF, participants with medical contraindications to a dental exam, those with dental implants only, not African American or white (because of limited sample size of other races)	The periodontal profile class (PPC); periodontal health (PPC‐A), mild PD (PPC‐B and C), moderate PD (PPC‐D and E), and severe PD (PPCF and G)	A standard 12‐lead ECG, hospitalization, and death certificates using ICD‐9‐CM codes 427.31 or 427.32