Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of Enrolled Participants.
| Characteristic | Total (N = 32) | Standard of care (n = 16) | VBAI (n = 16) |
|---|---|---|---|
| Age, mean (SD), y | 55.1 (12.7) | 56.2 (13.5) | 54.1 (12.3) |
| Gender, No. (%) | |||
| Female | 19 (59.4) | 10 (62.5) | 9 (56.3) |
| Male | 13 (40.6) | 6 (37.5) | 7 (43.8) |
| Race and ethnicity, No. (%)a | |||
| White | 16 (50.0) | 8 (50.0) | 8 (50.0) |
| Asian | 8 (25.0) | 5 (31.3) | 3 (18.8) |
| American Indian or Alaska Native | 1 (3.1) | 0 | 1 (6.3) |
| Black or African American | 2 (6.3) | 1 (6.3) | 1 (6.3) |
| >1 Race | 3 (9.4) | 1 (6.3) | 2 (12.5) |
| Unknown or not reported | 2 (6.3) | 1 (6.3) | 1 (6.3) |
| Hispanic ethnicity, No. (%)a | 8 (25.0) | 5 (31.3) | 3 (18.8) |
| HbA1c, mean (SD), % | 9.6 (1.5) | 9.3 (1.4) | 9.9 (1.6) |
| PAID-5 score, mean (SD)b | 7.5 (4.3) | 6.5 (4.9) | 8.4 (3.4) |
| Attitudes toward medication adherence score, mean (SD)b | 13.8 (4.1) | 13.6 (3.8) | 14.0 (4.4) |
| Attitudes toward health technology score, mean (SD)b | 6.9 (1.7) | 6.6 (1.9) | 7.1 (1.5) |
Abbreviations: HbA1c, hemoglobin A1c; PAID-5, Problem Areas in Diabetes Questionnaire–5 item; VBAI, voice-based conversational artificial intelligence.
SI conversion factor: To convert HbA1c to proportion of total hemoglobin, multiply by 0.01.
a
Race and ethnicity were self-reported by the participant.
b
Survey items were scored from 0 to 4, and composite scores were calculated as the sum across all items.