Table 2. Primary and Secondary Outcomes.
| Outcome | VBAI | Standard of care | Difference: VBAI vs standard of care (95% CI) | P value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Primary outcomes | ||||
| Insulin adherence, mean (SD), % | 82.9 (20.6) | 50.2 (43.0) | 32.7 (8.0 to 57.4) | .01 |
| Change in PAID-5 score, mean (SD)a | −1.9 (4.2) | 1.7 (4.4) | −3.6 (−6.8 to −0.4) | .03 |
| Change in attitudes toward health technology score, mean (SD)a | 0.3 (1.4) | −1.1 (2.3) | 1.4 (−0.03 to 2.8) | .06 |
| Change in attitudes toward medication adherence score, mean (SD)a | 0.8 (4.3) | −0.1 (2.6) | 1.0 (−1.6 to 3.5) | .46 |
| Secondary outcomes | ||||
| Proportion who achieved glycemic control | 0.81 | 0.25 | 0.56 (0.21 to 0.91) | .005 |
| Change in FBG level, mean (SD), mg/dL | −45.9 (45.9) | 23.0 (54.7) | −68.9 (−107.1 to −30.7) | .001 |
Abbreviations: FBG, fasting blood glucose; PAID-5, 5-item Problem Areas in Diabetes Questionnaire; VBAI, voice-based conversational artificial intelligence.
SI conversion factor: To convert glucose to millimoles per liter, multiply by 0.0555.
a
Survey items were scored from 0 to 4, and composite scores were calculated as the sum across all items. Change was calculated as the composite score at 8 weeks minus the composite score at baseline.