. 2023 Nov 17;9:e50894. doi: 10.2196/50894

Table 4.

Factors associated with pretreatment HIV drug resistance (PDR) among HIV-positive individuals in 2022 in China.

Variable			Number (n=2568)		PDR (n=190), n (%)		Odds ratio (95% CI)		P value		Adjusted odds ratio (95% CI)		P value
Age (years)
	18-29	606		49 (8.1)		1.00		N/A^a		—^b		—
	30-49	893		68 (7.6)		0.74 (0.64-1.37)		.74		—		—
	50-69	894		60 (6.7)		0.82 (0.55-1.21)		.32		—		—
	≥70	175		13 (7.4)		0.91 (0.48-1.72)		.78		—		—
Sex
	Male	2091		149 (7.1)		1.00		N/A		—		—
	Female	477		41 (8.6)		1.23 (0.85-1.76)		.27		—		—
Ethnicity
	Han	2229		158 (7.1)		1.00		N/A		—		—
	Other	339		32 (9.4)		1.37 (0.92-2.04)		.12		—		—
Education
	Primary and below	797		63 (7.9)		1.00		N/A		—		—
	Junior high school	783		57 (7.3)		0.92 (0.631.33)		.64		—		—
	Senior high school	360		21 (5.8)		0.72 (0.43-1.20)		.21		—		—
	College	607		49 (8.1)		1.02 (0.69-1.51)		.91		—		—
	Missing	21		0 (0)		—		—		—		—
Marital status^c
	Single	950		84 (8.8)		1.00		N/A		—		—
	Married or cohabiting	1144		72 (6.3)		0.69 (0.50-0.96)		.03		—		—
	Divorced or widowed	457		34 (7.4)		0.83 (0.55-1.26)		.38		—		—
	Missing	17		0 (0)		—		.98		—		—
Occupation
	Farmer	924		58 (6.3)		1.00		N/A		—		—
	Other	1644		132 (8)		0.27 (0.16-2.64)		.10		—		—
Route of infection^c
	Heterosexual intercourse	1480		102 (6.9)		1.00		N/A		—		—
	Homosexual intercourse	951		72 (7.6)		1.11 (0.81-1.51)		.53		—		—
	Intravenous drug use	21		6 (28.6)		5.41 (2.05-14.23)		<.001		—		—
	Other	116		10 (8.6)		1.28 (0.65-2.51)		.48		—		—
Prior ARV^d exposure^c,e
	No	2487		163 (6.6)		1.00		N/A		1.00		N/A
	Yes	81		27 (33.3)		7.13 (4.37-11.62)		<.001		7.45 (4.50-12.34)		.001
CD4 cell count before ART (cell/mm³)
	0-199	962		65 (6.8)		1.00		N/A		—		—
	≥200	1554		122 (7.9)		1.18 (0.86-1.61)		.31		—		—
	Missing	52		3 (5.8)		0.85 (0.26-2.79)		.78		—		—
HIV subtype^c,e
	CRF07_BC	1137		69 (6.1)		1.00		N/A		—		N/A
	CRF08_BC	376		31 (8.2)		1.39 (0.89-2.16)		.14		1.09 (0.68-1.73)		.73
	CRF01_AE	786		60 (7.6)		1.28 (0.89-1.83)		.18		1.27 (0.89-1.83)		.19
	CRF55_01B	105		14 (13.3)		2.38 (1.29-4.39)		.006		2.61 (1.41-4.83)		.002
	B	77		8 (10.4)		1.79 (0.83-3.88)		.14		1.61 (0.73-3.57)		.24
	Other	87		8 (9.2)		1.57 (0.73-3.38)		.25		1.43 (0.65-3.14)		.37
Provincial-level administrative divisions^c
	Sichuan	350		17 (4.9)		1.00		N/A		—		—
	Hebei	175		13 (7.4)		1.57 (0.75-3.32)		.24		—		—
	Jilin	206		19 (9.2)		1.99 (1.01-3.92)		.047		—		—
	Jiangsu	335		24 (7.2)		1.51 (0.80-2.87)		.21		—		—
	Zhejiang	385		34 (8.8)		1.90 (1.04-3.46)		.04		—		—
	Hubei	362		20 (5.5)		1.15 (0.59-2.23)		.69		—		—
	Chongqing	378		20 (5.3)		1.09 (0.56-2.13)		.79		—		—
	Yunnan	377		43 (11.4)		2.52 (1.41-4.51)		.002		—		—

^aN/A: not applicable.

^bNot available.

^cVariables screened by stepwise regression.

^dARV: antiretroviral drugs.

^eVariables selected into multivariable logistic regression models (without prior ARV exposure serving as the reference group and with HIV subtype represented as 5 dummy variables with CRF07_BC serving as the reference group).