Table 2.
Bacterial diversity from various sampling methods on holy handwritten Qurans.
| SDA | TSA | SDA | TSA | Frequency | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
|
|
||||
| S1 | S2 | ||||
| S1 | Staphylococcus warneri |
Staphylococcus warneri
Bacillus halotolerans, Bacillus atrophaeus ** Paenibacillus polymyxa Cellulosimic robium aquatile Bacillus zhangzhouensis Acinetobacter junii |
Bacillus atrophaeus |
Bacillus atrophaeus
Cellulosimic robium aquatile * |
16 (53.3%) |
| S3 | Bacillus atrophaeus ** |
Terribacillus goriensis
Bacillus atrophaeus Bacillus mobilis |
Bacillus atrophaeus |
Bacillus paramycoides
Bacillus atrophaeus |
9 (30%) |
| S2 | Staphylococcus epidermidis | Staphylococcus warneri | Staphylococcus warneri Pantoea eucrina | 5 (16.7%) | |
| Total | 5 (16.67%) | 12 (40%) | 4 (13.3%) | 9 (30%) | 30 (100%) |
S1: Sample 1 (parchment). S2: Sample 2 (Manuscript belong to the tenth century). S3: Sample 3 (Manuscript belongs to the tenth century).
*Four isolates of Cellulosimicrobium aquatile were detected.
**Three isolates of Bacillus atrophaeus were detected.