Table 2.
Comparisons of outdoor activities and behaviors related to scrub typhus exposure by tribes
| Exposure |
Total n (%) |
Akha n (%) |
Lahu n (%) |
Hmong n (%) |
Lisu n (%) |
Yao n (%) |
χ2 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Total | 233(100.0) | 125(53.7) | 47(20.2) | 15(6.4) | 24(10.3) | 22(9.4) | N/A | N/A |
| Sitting directly on the lawn without mats during work | ||||||||
| Never | 55(23.6) | 26(20.8) | 4(8.5) | 6(40.0) | 12(50.0) | 7(31.8) | 18.82 | 0.001* |
| Ever | 78(76.4) | 99(79.2) | 43(91.5) | 9(60.0) | 12(50.0) | 15(68.2) | ||
| Wild mushroom collecting | ||||||||
| Never | 87(37.3) | 48(38.4) | 12(25.5) | 7(46.7) | 10(41.7) | 10(45.5) | 4.23 | 0.376 |
| Ever | 146(62.7) | 77(61.6) | 35(74.5) | 8(53.3) | 14(58.3) | 12(54.5) | ||
| Bamboo shoot collecting | ||||||||
| Never | 54(23.2) | 33(26.4) | 9(19.1) | 1(6.7) | 7(29.2) | 4(18.2) | 4.25 | 0.374 |
| Ever | 179(76.8) | 92(73.6) | 38(80.9) | 14(93.3) | 17(70.8) | 18(81.8) | ||
| Firewood cutting | ||||||||
| Never | 50(21.5) | 23(18.4) | 12(25.5) | 3(20.0) | 7(29.2) | 5(22.7) | 2.33 | 0.684a |
| Ever | 183(78.5) | 102(81.6) | 35(74.5) | 12(80.0) | 17(70.8) | 17(77.3) | ||
| Bamboo cutting for basketry | ||||||||
| Never | 143(61.4) | 71(56.8) | 28(59.6) | 13(86.7) | 16(66.7) | 15(68.2) | 5.93 | 0.205 |
| Ever | 90(38.6) | 54(43.2) | 19(40.4) | 2(13.3) | 8(33.3) | 7(31.8) | ||
| Straw for making brooms collecting | ||||||||
| Never | 134(57.5) | 74(59.2) | 25(53.2) | 6(40.0) | 13(54.2) | 16(72.7) | 4.58 | 0.333 |
| Ever | 99(42.5) | 51(40.8) | 22(46.8) | 9(60.0) | 11(45.8) | 6(27.3) | ||
| Grass cutting | ||||||||
| Never | 134(57.5) | 61(48.8) | 30(63.8) | 14(93.3) | 16(66.7) | 13(59.1) | 13.37 | 0.010* |
| Ever | 99(42.5) | 64(51.2) | 17(36.2) | 1(6.7) | 8(33.3) | 9(40.9) | ||
| Bringing straw for feeding cows and buffaloes | ||||||||
| Never | 203(87.1) | 133(90.4) | 41(87.2) | 15(100.0) | 20(83.3) | 14(63.6) | 11.95 | 0.011*, a |
| Ever | 30(12.9) | 12(9.6) | 6(12.8) | 0(0.0) | 4(16.7) | 8(36.4) | ||
| Visiting the rice field | ||||||||
| No | 42(18.0) | 32(25.6) | 7(14.9) | 1(6.7) | 1(4.2) | 1(4.5) | 11.50 | 0.017*, a |
| Yes | 191(82.0) | 93(74.4) | 40(85.1) | 14(93.3) | 23(95.8) | 21(95.5) | ||
| Visiting the corn field | ||||||||
| No | 49(21.0) | 32(25.6) | 10(21.3) | 3(20.0) | 1(4.2) | 3(13.6) | 6.61 | 0.148a |
| Yes | 184(79.0) | 93(74.4) | 37(78.7) | 12(80.0) | 23(95.8) | 19(86.4) | ||
| Visiting the pineapple plantation | ||||||||
| No | 215(92.3) | 119(95.2) | 42(89.4) | 14(93.3) | 24(100.0) | 16(72.7) | 12.23 | 0.007*, a |
| Yes | 18(7.7) | 6(4.8) | 5(10.6) | 1(6.7) | 0(0.0) | 6(27.3) | ||
| Visiting the banana orchard | ||||||||
| No | 154(66.1) | 83(64.4) | 29(61.7) | 12(80.0) | 12(50.0) | 18(81.8) | 6.91 | 0.141 |
| Yes | 79(33.9) | 42(33.6) | 18(38.3) | 3(20.0) | 12(50.0) | 4(18.2) | ||
| Visiting the tea plantation | ||||||||
| No | 68(29.2) | 10(8.0) | 20(42.6) | 13(86.7) | 4(16.7) | 21(95.5) | 103.76 | < 0.001*, a |
| Yes | 165(70.8) | 155(92.0) | 27(57.4) | 2(13.3) | 20(83.3) | 1(4.5) | ||
| Visiting the coffee plantation | ||||||||
| No | 160(68.7) | 76(60.8) | 41(87.2) | 14(93.3) | 9(37.5) | 20(90.9) | 31.26 | < 0.001*, a |
| Yes | 73(31.3) | 49(39.2) | 6(12.8) | 1(6.7) | 15(62.5) | 2(9.1) | ||
| Wearing long sleeves | ||||||||
| Never | 8(3.4) | 2(1.6) | 1(2.1) | 0(0.0) | 3(12.5) | 2(9.1) | 10.48 | 0.126a |
| Sometimes | 14(6.0) | 8(6.4) | 4(8.5) | 0(0.0) | 2(8.3) | 0(0.0) | ||
| Everyday | 211(90.6) | 155(92.0) | 42(89.4) | 15(100.0) | 19(79.2) | 20(90.9) | ||
| Wearing long pants | ||||||||
| Never | 6(2.6) | 2(1.6) | 2(4.3) | 0(0.0) | 1(4.2) | 1(4.5) | 11.04 | 0.103a |
| Sometimes | 16(6.9) | 5(4.0) | 6(12.8) | 0(0.0) | 4(16.6) | 1(4.5) | ||
| Everyday | 211(90.6) | 188(94.4) | 39(83.0) | 15(100.0) | 19(79.2) | 20(91.0) | ||
| Wearing boots | ||||||||
| Never | 9(3.9) | 3(2.4) | 4(8.5) | 0(0.0) | 1(4.2) | 1(4.5) | 7.84 | 0.325a |
| Sometimes | 15(6.4) | 11(8.8) | 4(8.5) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | ||
| Everyday | 209(89.7) | 111(88.8) | 39(83.0) | 15(100.0) | 23(65.8) | 21(95.5) | ||
| Wearing socks | ||||||||
| Never | 41(17.6) | 14(11.2) | 20(42.6) | 0(0.0) | 4(16.7) | 3(13.6) | 28.74 | 0.001*, a |
| Sometimes | 22(9.4) | 17(13.6) | 3(6.4) | 0(0.0) | 0(0.0) | 2(9.1) | ||
| Everyday | 170(73.0) | 94(75.2) | 24(51.0) | 15(100.0) | 20(83.3) | 17(77.3) | ||
| Wearing gloves | ||||||||
| Never | 82(35.2) | 32(25.6) | 27(57.4) | 6(40.0) | 10(41.7) | 7(31.8) | 20.03 | 0.010*, a |
| Sometimes | 69(29.6) | 43(34.4) | 9(19.1) | 4(26.7) | 9(37.5) | 4(18.2) | ||
| Everyday | 82(35.2) | 50(40.0) | 11(23.4) | 5(33.3) | 5(20.8) | 11(53.3) | ||
| Washing clothes immediately after work | ||||||||
| Never | 27(11.6) | 12(9.6) | 11(23.4) | 0(0.0) | 3(12.5) | 1(4.5) | 24.20 | 0.001*, a |
| Sometimes | 71(30.5) | 36(28.8) | 19(40.4) | 0(0.0) | 7(29.2) | 9(40.9) | ||
| Everyday | 135(57.9) | 77(61.6) | 17(36.2) | 15(100.0) | 14(58.3) | 12(54.5) | ||
*Statistically significant at α = 0.05, aFisher exact test