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. 2023 Dec 1;23:792. doi: 10.1186/s12877-023-04463-3

Table 2.

Estimates from the regression model (main effects onlya) following backwards elimination for the derivation cohort from the RAI-HC

Parameter Odds ratio (95% CI) p value
Age (5-year increments) 1.13 (1.12, 1.15)  < 0.0001
Sex
 Male Reference Reference
 Female 0.95 (0.89, 1.00) 0.0067
Marital status
 Never married Reference Reference
 Married 0.85 (0.76, 0.96) 0.0076
 Widowed 0.90 (0.80, 1.02) 0.0868
 Separated/divorced 1.08 (0.95, 1.22) 0.2744
 Other 1.29 (1.12, 1.48) 0.0004
Baseline CPS score
 0 Reference Reference
 1 1.21 (1.15, 1.28)  < 0.0001
Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) Involvement Scale
 None/mild difficulty (0–13) Reference Reference
 Moderate/major difficulty (14–21) 1.17 (1.10, 1.24)  < 0.0001
Pain Scale
 No pain/less than daily pain (0–2) Reference Reference
 Daily/severe pain (3–4) 0.92 (0.86, 0.99) 0.0167
Caregiver Risk Evaluation (CaRE)
 Low risk Reference Reference
 Moderate risk 1.08 (1.00, 1.16) 0.0528
 High risk 1.19 (1.10, 1.27)  < 0.0001
 Very high riska n/a n/a
 Missing 1.07 (0.93, 1.23) 0.2824
Coronary artery disease
 Not present Reference Reference
 Present 0.92 (0.86, 0.98) 0.0121
Alzheimer’s dementia
 Not present Reference Reference
 Present 3.84 (2.94, 5.01)  < 0.0001
Dementia (not Alzheimer’s dementia)
 Not present Reference Reference
 Present 2.65 (2.32, 3.04)  < 0.0001
Parkinson’s disease
 Not present Reference Reference
 Present 1.47 (1.30, 1.65)  < 0.0001
Any psychiatric disorder
 Not present Reference Reference
 Present 1.17 (1.08, 1.26)  < 0.0001
Sudden/new onset change in mental function (last 7 days)
 No Reference Reference
 Yes 1.31 (1.00, 1.71) 0.0488
Stroke
 Not present Reference Reference
 Present 1.08 (1.00, 1.17) 0.0426
Hip fracture
 Not present Reference Reference
 Present 0.82 (0.71, 0.94) 0.0334
Other type of fracture
 Not present Reference Reference
 Present 0.91 (0.83, 1.00) 0.0419
Pneumonia
 Not present Reference Reference
 Present 0.82 (0.70, 0.96) 0.0147
Cancer
 Not present Reference Reference
 Present 0.88 (0.81, 0.95) 0.0006
Hearing impairment
 No hearing impairment Reference Reference
 Hearing impairment 1.07 (1.01, 1.15) 0.0352
Vision impairment
 No vision impairment Reference Reference
 Vision impairment 1.14 (1.05, 1.24) 0.0013
Dual sensory impairment
 No dual sensory impairment Reference Reference
 Dual sensory impairment 1.13 (1.03, 1.23) 0.0085
Ability to understand others
 Understands Reference Reference
 Usually understands 1.22 (1.11, 1.33)  < 0.0001
 Often understands 1.34 (1.02, 1.76) 0.0336
 Sometimes understands 1.32 (0.63, 2.75) 0.4658
 Rarely/never understands 2.64 (0.20, 28.0) 0.4953
Wandering
 No Reference Reference
 Yes 4.17 (1.90, 9.16) 0.0004
Verbally abusive
 No Reference Reference
 Yes 1.38 (1.09, 1.74) 0.0080
Chest pain
 No Reference Reference
 Yes 0.84 (0.74, 0.95) 0.0059
Edema
 No Reference Reference
 Yes 0.87 (0.82, 0.92)  < 0.0001
Hallucinations
 No Reference Reference
 Yes 1.41 (1.08, 1.82) 0.0105
Client believes they are capable of increased functional independence
 No Reference Reference
 Yes 0.88 (0.83, 0.94)  < 0.0001
Number of falls in last 90 days
 0 Reference Reference
 1 1.13 (1.06, 1.20) 0.0003
 2 +  1.32 (1.24, 1.41)  < 0.0001
Bladder incontinence in last 7 days
 No Reference Reference
 Yes 1.09 (1.03, 1.15) 0.0027
Client has a prognosis of less than 6 months to live
 No Reference Reference
 Yes 0.79 (0.62, 1.00) 0.0463
Number of hospital admissions in last 90 days
 0 Reference Reference
 1 0.92 (0.87, 0.97) 0.0032
 2 +  0.94 (0.85, 1.05) 0.2701
Client indicates that he/she feels lonely
 No Reference Reference
 Yes 1.15 (1.07, 1.23) 0.0002
Change in social activities in last 90 days
 No decline/declined, not distressed Reference Reference
 Declined, distressed 0.91 (0.85, 0.97) 0.0037

a The odds ratio estimates are from the main effects-only model (without the interactions between age, sex, and sensory impairments)

bThe very high-risk group on the CaRE algorithm is only calculated for individuals with a baseline CPS score of 2 +