Table 2.
Estimates from the regression model (main effects onlya) following backwards elimination for the derivation cohort from the RAI-HC
| Parameter | Odds ratio (95% CI) | p value |
|---|---|---|
| Age (5-year increments) | 1.13 (1.12, 1.15) | < 0.0001 |
| Sex | ||
| Male | Reference | Reference |
| Female | 0.95 (0.89, 1.00) | 0.0067 |
| Marital status | ||
| Never married | Reference | Reference |
| Married | 0.85 (0.76, 0.96) | 0.0076 |
| Widowed | 0.90 (0.80, 1.02) | 0.0868 |
| Separated/divorced | 1.08 (0.95, 1.22) | 0.2744 |
| Other | 1.29 (1.12, 1.48) | 0.0004 |
| Baseline CPS score | ||
| 0 | Reference | Reference |
| 1 | 1.21 (1.15, 1.28) | < 0.0001 |
| Instrumental Activities of Daily Living (IADL) Involvement Scale | ||
| None/mild difficulty (0–13) | Reference | Reference |
| Moderate/major difficulty (14–21) | 1.17 (1.10, 1.24) | < 0.0001 |
| Pain Scale | ||
| No pain/less than daily pain (0–2) | Reference | Reference |
| Daily/severe pain (3–4) | 0.92 (0.86, 0.99) | 0.0167 |
| Caregiver Risk Evaluation (CaRE) | ||
| Low risk | Reference | Reference |
| Moderate risk | 1.08 (1.00, 1.16) | 0.0528 |
| High risk | 1.19 (1.10, 1.27) | < 0.0001 |
| Very high riska | n/a | n/a |
| Missing | 1.07 (0.93, 1.23) | 0.2824 |
| Coronary artery disease | ||
| Not present | Reference | Reference |
| Present | 0.92 (0.86, 0.98) | 0.0121 |
| Alzheimer’s dementia | ||
| Not present | Reference | Reference |
| Present | 3.84 (2.94, 5.01) | < 0.0001 |
| Dementia (not Alzheimer’s dementia) | ||
| Not present | Reference | Reference |
| Present | 2.65 (2.32, 3.04) | < 0.0001 |
| Parkinson’s disease | ||
| Not present | Reference | Reference |
| Present | 1.47 (1.30, 1.65) | < 0.0001 |
| Any psychiatric disorder | ||
| Not present | Reference | Reference |
| Present | 1.17 (1.08, 1.26) | < 0.0001 |
| Sudden/new onset change in mental function (last 7 days) | ||
| No | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 1.31 (1.00, 1.71) | 0.0488 |
| Stroke | ||
| Not present | Reference | Reference |
| Present | 1.08 (1.00, 1.17) | 0.0426 |
| Hip fracture | ||
| Not present | Reference | Reference |
| Present | 0.82 (0.71, 0.94) | 0.0334 |
| Other type of fracture | ||
| Not present | Reference | Reference |
| Present | 0.91 (0.83, 1.00) | 0.0419 |
| Pneumonia | ||
| Not present | Reference | Reference |
| Present | 0.82 (0.70, 0.96) | 0.0147 |
| Cancer | ||
| Not present | Reference | Reference |
| Present | 0.88 (0.81, 0.95) | 0.0006 |
| Hearing impairment | ||
| No hearing impairment | Reference | Reference |
| Hearing impairment | 1.07 (1.01, 1.15) | 0.0352 |
| Vision impairment | ||
| No vision impairment | Reference | Reference |
| Vision impairment | 1.14 (1.05, 1.24) | 0.0013 |
| Dual sensory impairment | ||
| No dual sensory impairment | Reference | Reference |
| Dual sensory impairment | 1.13 (1.03, 1.23) | 0.0085 |
| Ability to understand others | ||
| Understands | Reference | Reference |
| Usually understands | 1.22 (1.11, 1.33) | < 0.0001 |
| Often understands | 1.34 (1.02, 1.76) | 0.0336 |
| Sometimes understands | 1.32 (0.63, 2.75) | 0.4658 |
| Rarely/never understands | 2.64 (0.20, 28.0) | 0.4953 |
| Wandering | ||
| No | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 4.17 (1.90, 9.16) | 0.0004 |
| Verbally abusive | ||
| No | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 1.38 (1.09, 1.74) | 0.0080 |
| Chest pain | ||
| No | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 0.84 (0.74, 0.95) | 0.0059 |
| Edema | ||
| No | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 0.87 (0.82, 0.92) | < 0.0001 |
| Hallucinations | ||
| No | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 1.41 (1.08, 1.82) | 0.0105 |
| Client believes they are capable of increased functional independence | ||
| No | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 0.88 (0.83, 0.94) | < 0.0001 |
| Number of falls in last 90 days | ||
| 0 | Reference | Reference |
| 1 | 1.13 (1.06, 1.20) | 0.0003 |
| 2 + | 1.32 (1.24, 1.41) | < 0.0001 |
| Bladder incontinence in last 7 days | ||
| No | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 1.09 (1.03, 1.15) | 0.0027 |
| Client has a prognosis of less than 6 months to live | ||
| No | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 0.79 (0.62, 1.00) | 0.0463 |
| Number of hospital admissions in last 90 days | ||
| 0 | Reference | Reference |
| 1 | 0.92 (0.87, 0.97) | 0.0032 |
| 2 + | 0.94 (0.85, 1.05) | 0.2701 |
| Client indicates that he/she feels lonely | ||
| No | Reference | Reference |
| Yes | 1.15 (1.07, 1.23) | 0.0002 |
| Change in social activities in last 90 days | ||
| No decline/declined, not distressed | Reference | Reference |
| Declined, distressed | 0.91 (0.85, 0.97) | 0.0037 |
a The odds ratio estimates are from the main effects-only model (without the interactions between age, sex, and sensory impairments)
bThe very high-risk group on the CaRE algorithm is only calculated for individuals with a baseline CPS score of 2 +