Table 5.

Biomarkers and their functions

Functions	Biomarkers	Refs.
Cell adhesion and cytoskeleton	GIPC1, DOCK4, CAPG, IL-1B, PRL	[79, 82, 85, 91, 94]
Tumor stemness or EMT	PAK4, RANKL, IL-1B, EZH2, ZNF217	[57, 78, 87, 93, 112]
Regulation of the bone microenvironment	RANKL, PRL, ZNF217, miRNA-19a, IBSP, miRNA-124, miRNA-429, LncRNA FGF14-AS2, MAF, miRNA-16, miRNA-378, SCUBE2	[28, 86, 89, 98, 100, 101, 103, 104, 106, 108, 111, 112]
Bone turnover markers	P1NP, CTX, 1-CTP, NTX	[96, 147]

Multiple signatures are not included