Table 2.

Characteristics of the included studies

No	Author (Year), Country	Study design	Participants	Methods
1	Asabu & Altaseb (2021), [2] Ethiopia	Cross-sectional	Women aged 15–49 years old, married and living with husband	Analysis of data from 2005, 2011, and 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (DHS)
2	Alemayehu & Meskele (2017), [4] Ethiopia	Cross-sectional	967 women through three-stage sampling method from 17 rural districts of 2 out of 13 zones of the region	Face-to-face survey through an interview format
3	Osamor & Grady (2018), [5] Nigeria	Cross-sectional	27,135 women aged 15–49 years old who lived with their husbands/partners	Analysis of data from 2013 Nigerian Demographic and Health Survey
4	Ahmed et al. (2019), [9] Pakistan	Q-methodology	60 women, 57 men, 20 healthcare professionals in Lahore, Pakistan	Participants completed Q-sorts individually, and data were collected in person using standardized instructions
5	Mare et al. (2022), [15] Ethiopia	Cross-sectional	3668 married reproductive age women (15–49 y.o) currently using contraceptives	Analysis of data from 2016 Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey (DHS)
6	Kiani et al. (2020), [16] Iran	Cross-sectional	400 women selected via multistage cluster sampling from attendees of health centers	Data were collected using six questionnaires (demographic, socioeconomic, social support, the Rosenberg self-esteem scale, a marital satisfaction questionnaire, and an empowerment survey)
7	Rizkianti et al. (2020), [17] Indonesia	Cross-sectional	3435 women of reproductive age (15- 49 years) who had given birth within one year preceding the survey	Analysis of data from 2017 Indonesia Demographic and Health Survey
8	Sougou et al. (2020), [18] Senegal	Cross-sectional	8865 women aged 15- 49 years	Analysis of data from 2017 Senegal Demographic and Health Survey