Table 1.
Sample characteristics of the TBI and general population samples in the present study and comparison with the sample used in the original English validation study.
| Variable | Group/value | TBI sample (N = 132) | General population sample (N = 1,047) | Original English study1 (N = 315) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Sex | Male | 79 (59.8%) | 524 (50.0%) | n.a. |
| Female | 53 (40.2%) | 523 (50.0%) | n.a. | |
| Age (years) | M (SD) | 10.7 (1.41) | 10.0 (1.42) | n.a. |
| Md [Min, Max] | 10.5 [8.00, 12.9] | 10.0 [8.00, 12.0] | n.a. | |
| Education | None | 13 (9.8%) | 0 (0%) | n.a. |
| Nursery | 36 (27.3%) | n.a. | n.a. | |
| Primary school | 55 (41.7%) | 556 (53.1%) | n.a. | |
| Special school | 1 (0.8%) | 47 (4.5%) | n.a. | |
| Secondary school | 11 (8.3%) | 236 (22.5%) | n.a. | |
| Preparatory high school | 2 (1.5%) | 193 (18.4%) | n.a. | |
| Missing | 14 (10.6%) | 15 (1.4%) | n.a. | |
| Integration assistance | Yes | 1 (0.8%) | 145 (13.8%) | n.a. |
| No | 127 (96.2%) | 902 (86.2%) | n.a. | |
| Missing | 4 (3.0%) | 0 (0%) | n.a. | |
| Chronic health conditions2 | One and more | 79 (59.8%) | 122 (11.7%) | - |
| None | 53 (40.2%) | 925 (88.3%) | - | |
| Injury cause | Sports | n.a. | - | 130 (41%) |
| Fall | 90 (68.2%) | - | 83 (26%) | |
| Road traffic/Motor vehicle | 17 (12.9%) | - | 40 (13%) | |
| Crash with an object | 3 (2.3%) | - | - | |
| Other | 22 (16.6%) | - | 58 (18%) | |
| Missing/not reported | 0 (0%) | - | 4 (1%) | |
| Loss of consciousness | No | 98 (74.2%) | - | 192 (61%) |
| Yes | 33 (25.0%) | - | 89 (28%) | |
| Missing | 1 (0.8%) | - | 34 (11%) | |
| Time since injury | M (SD) | 4.49 (2.63)3 | - | 11.3 (7.4)4 |
| TBI severity | Mild | 95 (72.0%) | - | 315 (100%) |
| Moderate | 11 (8.3%) | - | - | |
| Severe | 26 (19.7%) | - | - | |
| Lesions | No | 97 (73.5%) | - | n.a. |
| Yes | 34 (25.8%) | - | n.a. | |
| Missing | 1 (0.8%) | - | n.a. | |
| Recovery (KOSCHI) | 4a | 3 (2.3%) | - | n.a. |
| 4b | 2 (1.5%) | - | n.a. | |
| 5a | 10 (7.6%) | - | n.a. | |
| 5b | 117 (88.6%) | - | n.a. |
1Values obtained from the original validation study by Sady et al. (11). Sex was reported without age stratification and thus cannot be provided. Age was reported in groups only (i.e., 8–12 years). 2Presence of chronic health conditions is based on parental report and includes at least one health problem from the following lists: presence of chronic health complaints, neurologic disorders, and/or developmental health conditions (TBI sample) and central nervous system disease, alcohol and/or psychotropic substance abuse, active or uncontrolled systemic disease, psychiatric disorders, severe sensory deficits, use of psychotropic drugs or other medications, intellectual disability or other neurobehavioral disorders, pre, peri-, and postnatal problems, other (general population sample). 3Time since injury in years. 4Time since injury in days. n.a., information is not available or not collected in this form; −, information is not relevant for this sample; N, absolute frequencies %:, relative frequencies; M, mean; SD, standard deviation; Md, median; Min, minimum; Max, maximum; TBI, traumatic brain injury; KOSCHI, King’s Outcome Scale for Closed Head Injury (4a: lower moderate disability; 4b: upper moderate disability; 5a: good recovery; 5b: intact recovery). Values may not add up to 100% due to rounding.