FIGURE 1.

Development and validation: Experimental models for cancer immunology investigations. (A) Early in the 1970s, in vitro models such as spheroid and animal models such as syngeneic models have been utilized in cancer immunology investigations. In the recent decade, experimental models preserving original tumor components emerged, facilitating the research on tumor microenvironment and tumor immunotherapy. (B) Validation of a 3D in vitro tumor‐immune coculture system can be completed through two aspects: tumor components and immune components. Validations of tumor components include three different levels: genetic (DNA mutation), transcriptomic (RNA profiling), and translatomic (surface protein expression). Validations on immune components are composed of immune cell subtype, immune cell proportion, and immune cell function. Figure was created with BioRender.com.