FIGURE 5.

Comprehensive comparison of in vivo models in terms of tumor microenvironment reconstructions. (A) Syngeneic mouse models have the highest usability and the broadest applicability but are limited by factors including low tumor heterogeneity and the absence of tumor evolution processes. (B) Genetically engineered mouse models allow for the monitoring of the entire tumor development process, facilitating the study of gene contributions to tumor formation, but are still limited by the disparities between mice and human patients. (C) Patient‐derived xenografts maintain genomic diversity, tumor structure, and microenvironment of the human tumor. However, evaluating their utility requires careful consideration of host mice immunodeficiency levels. (D) Humanized patient‐derived xenografts facilitate the development of personalized immunotherapy, particularly in simulating the personalized tumor microenvironment. Figure was created with BioRender.com.