Table 1.

Different compounds of a specific molecular mass detected using UPLC-MS and their uses in osteoarthritic conditions.

S. No.	Compound	Structure	Use	References
1.	(+/−)-alpha-Lipoic acid		Decrease inflammatory markers such as CRP, IL-6, and TNF-α among patients. It has also been proven as an antioxidant by decreasing the activity of superoxide dismutase and glutathione peroxidase. Available in the market as capsules and tablets as dietary supplements	(31)
2.	Cyanidin chloride		It decreases the IL-6 and interferon (IFN)-γ levels and increases the T-reg cell proportion. It possesses antioxidant and radical-scavenging effects	(32)
3.	Kaempferol		TNF-α, IL-1β, and MDA significantly decreased and a significant increase in SOD level was observed in the ACLT OA animal model. The levels of MMP-13, MMP-3, TNF-α, IL-1β, iNOS were significantly decreased, increased the gene expression levels of collagen IIa1, aggrecan and SOX-9 genes	(33)
4.	Glycyrrhizin		Remarkably suppressed IL-1β-induced level of nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), TNF-α and IL-6 and the production of cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOs), MMP3, MMP13 and a disintegrin and metalloproteinase with thrombospondin motifs5 (ADAMTS5). Moreover, it significantly inhibited IL-1β-stimulated PI3K/AKT phosphorylation and NF-κB mobilization in human OA chondrocytes	(34)
5.	Resveratrol		Reduces the expression of inflammatory cytokines in chondrocytes, increased activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway, and regulated expression levels of Bcl-2 and BAX, alleviating the inflammatory response of chondrocytes and a reduction in the apoptosis of chondrocytes. Oral administration at 40 mg (2 caplets) twice a day for one week, then at 20 mg (1 caplet) twice a day, for a total duration of 6 months. Primary knee OA is currently under clinical trial phase 3. Resveratrol can activate SIRT 1 to inhibit OA disease progression. Sirtuin 1 (SIRT 1) is a longevity gene related to many aging-related diseases	(35)
6.	2′,4′-dihydroxy-6′-methoxychalcone		Inhibits the release of pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-1β, and IL-6 in vitro	(36)
7.	Luteolin		Reduces the IL-1β-induced production of NO, PGE2, TNF-α, MMP-2, MMP-8 and MMP-9 and the expression of COX-2, iNOS, MMP-1, MMP-3 and MMP-13. Luteolin reversed the degradation of collagen II induced by IL-1β. Luteolin treatment prevented cartilage destruction and enhanced collagen II expression in OA rats in vivo	(37)
8.	Folic acid		Valuable for cardiovascular disease prevention in RA patients shortly with respect to homocysteine reduction along with blockade of subsequent oxidative stress, lipid peroxidation, and endothelial dysfunction	(38)
9.	Glucocerebrosides		Soya-cerebroside reduces IL-1β-induced MMP-1 production in chondrocytes, without cytotoxic effects, reduced MMP-1 expression via the focal adhesion kinase (FAK), mitogen-activated protein kinase (MEK), extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and AP-1 signaling pathways, prevents cartilage degradation	(39)
10.	Retinol		Dietary intervention of vitamin A benefits OA patients 650–750 mg/day (Europe); 700–900 mg/day (United States)	(40)
11.	Syringetin		Syringetin stimulates osteoblast differentiation at various stages, from maturation to terminally differentiated osteoblasts. Induction of differentiation by syringetin is associated with increased bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) production. Induction of differentiation by syringetin is associated with increased activation of SMAD1/5/8 and extracellular signal-regulated kinase 1/2 (ERK1/2). This will lead to an increase of bone mass	(41)
12.	Diosmin		Diosmin down-regulated the mRNA levels of iNOS, COX-2, IL-1β, COL1A1, MMP-3, and MMP-9; up-regulated TIMP-1 and SOX9; and improved COL2A1 in chondrocytes under oxidative stresses. Furthermore, diosmin also regulated glutathione reductase and glutathione peroxidase of H2O2-exposed chondrocytes. Tablets are also recommended for various chronic venous diseases	(42)
13.	L-Carnosine		Decreased degree of oxidative damage and reduced levels of proinflammatory cytokines and chemokines and cyclo-oxygenase COX-2 enzyme has been reported. Dietary supplementation of carnosine is advised for human nutrition and health	(43)
14.	Calciferol		Vitamin D deficiency has been linked to diffuse musculoskeletal pain. It is available in the market as sachet and tablets to treat vitamin-D deficiency	(44)
15.	Hinokitiol		Inhibited IL-1β-stimulated MMP-1,-3 and − 13 expressions and IL-1β-induced activation of intracellular β-catenin proteins	(45)
16.	Trans-Cinnamic acid		Pretreatment decreased the degradation of IκBα and increased the expression of p-IκBα, indicating that NF-κB inactivation and significantly decreased expression levels of MMP-1, MMP-3, MMP-13, ADAMTS-4, and ADAMTS-5	(46)
17.	Solasodine		Solasodine exerted statistically significant and dose-dependent anti-inflammatory activity in carrageenan induced rat paw oedema. It also suppressed the volume of exudates, total leucocytes and amount of neutrophil migration into the rat pleural cavity, solasodine exerts anti-inflammatory activity, at least partly through the inhibition of cyclooxygenase and 5-lipoxygenase pathways	(47)
18.	Orientin		Inhibitory effects were observed on proinflammatory cytokine generation like TNF- α, IL-6, IL-18, and IL-1β, along with PGE2. The expression levels of COX-2 and inducible iNOS were also reduced. Further study demonstrated that such inhibitory effects of Orientin were due to suppression of the NF-kB pathway and nucleotide-binding domain- (NOD-) like receptor protein 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome activation, which may contribute to its anti-inflammatory effects	(48)
19.	Fortunellin		Proven Antioxidant effects	(49)