Table 2.
Percent change in Tg and 95% confidence intervals, stratified by normal and abnormal thyroid structure/functiona
| Allb | Normal Thyroidc | Abnormal Thyroidd,e | |||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Parameter | Percent change (95% CI)f |
p- trendg |
Percent change (95% CI)f |
p- trendg |
Percent change (95% CI)f |
p- trendg |
Pinteractionh |
| Sex | |||||||
| Male | ref | ref | ref | 0.5753 | |||
| Female | 25.50 (20.91, 30.27) | 25.81(20.68, 31.16) | 22.77 (13.09, 33.28) | ||||
| Age at examination | |||||||
| 15-18 | ref | <0.0001 | ref | 0.0032 | ref | <0.0001 | 0.0382 |
| 19-22 | −7.52 (−11.96, −2.86) | −8.24 (−13.14, −3.07) | −3.90 (−13.85, 7.19) | ||||
| 23-26 | 2.56 (−2.56, 7.94) | 0.49 (−5.06, 6.36) | 11.37 (−0.82, 25.04) | ||||
| 27-34 | 8.12 (2.73, 13.80) | 5.17 (−0.71, 11.41) | 19.54 (7.01, 33.53) | ||||
| Calendar year at examination | |||||||
| 2001 | ref | <0.0001 | ref | 0.0001 | ref | <0.0001 | 0.1419 |
| 2002 | −29.53 (−32.12, −26.85) | −27.71 (−30.68, −24.61) | −35.00 (−40.07, −29.50) | ||||
| 2003 | −27.82 (−32.60, −22.71) | −25.48 (−31.11, −19.38) | −35.06 (−43.48, −25.38) | ||||
| Oblast/urban or rural residence at examination | |||||||
| Zhitomir urban | ref | ref | ref | 0.4476 | |||
| Zhitomir rural | 50.14 (37.95, 63.41) | 55.20 (41.57, 70.15) | 27.57 (2.59, 58.63) | ||||
| Kiev urban | −19.94 (−26.88, −12.34) | −16.97 (−24.63, −8.53) | −33.34 (−47.67, −15.09) | ||||
| Kiev rural | −2.08 (−10.73, 7.42) | −1.66 (−11.01, 8.66) | −9.36 (−28.57, 15.02) | ||||
| Chernihiv urban | −11.89 (−19.41, −3.67) | −10.79 (−18.91, −1.85) | −19.28 (−36.28, 2.26) | ||||
| Chernihiv rural | 7.00 (−1.53, 16.26) | 8.94 (−0.37, 19.12) | −5.36 (−23.86, 17.64) | ||||
| Smoking status | |||||||
| Non-smoker | ref | ref | ref | 0.8053 | |||
| Current smoker | 18.16 (13.59, 22.90) | 19.57 (14.38, 25.00) | 13.92 (4.70, 23.95) | ||||
| UIC, μg/L | |||||||
| 0.1-19 | ref | <0.0001 | ref | <0.0001 | ref | 0.0029 | 0.1479 |
| 20-49 | −11.19 (−15.70, −6.44) | −10.17 (−15.33, −4.68) | −14.52 (−23.29, −4.75) | ||||
| 50-99 | −14.14 (−18.63, −9.42) | −12.38 (−17.54, −6.89) | −18.94 (−27.59, −9.25) | ||||
| 100-1014 | −20.37 (−25.02, −15.43) | −20.56 (−25.76, −14.99) | −18.55 (−28.40, −7.34) | ||||
| Serum TSH, mIU/L | |||||||
| 0.1-0.3 | −24.41 (−36.39, −10.17) | −17.63 (−31.88, −0.41) | |||||
| 0.4-1.6 | ref | <0.0001 | ref | <0.0001 | ref | <0.0001 | 0.1785 |
| 1.7-2.8 | 14.46 (10.46, 18.61) | 13.35 (9.00, 17.87) | 18.87 (9.37, 29.19) | ||||
| 2.9-3.9 | 30.16 (21.69, 39.23) | 25.02 (16.32, 34.37) | 57.67 (32.34, 87.84) | ||||
| 4.0-44.3 | 31.68 (16.57, 48.75) | 52.12 (30.40, 77.47) | |||||
| Serum ATPO, mIU/L | |||||||
| 0-10 | ref | 0.9369 | ref | 0.9310 | ref | 0.8029 | 0.8271 |
| 11-19 | 3.04 (−1.45, 7.72) | 3.77 (−1.28, 9.07) | 1.611 (−7.75, 11.92) | ||||
| 20-29 | 7.68 (2.86, 12.72) | 7.61 (2.23, 13.28) | 7.96 (−2.22, 19.21) | ||||
| 30-11,887 | −1.92 (−6.42, 2.79) | −1.33 (−6.41, 4.01) | −3.37 (−12.66, 6.90) | ||||
| Serum ATg, IU/mL | |||||||
| 0-13 | ref | <0.0001 | ref | <0.0001 | ref | 0.0030 | 0.5599 |
| 14-25 | −4.09 (−7.77, −0.27) | −3.09 (−7.26, 1.26) | −7.85 (−15.36, 0.32) | ||||
| 26-60 | −10.03 (−13.63, −6.27) | −9.41 (−13.51, −5.11) | −12.76 (−20.00, −4.87) | ||||
| 131I thyroid dose, Gy | |||||||
| 0.0003-0.099 | ref | 0.1973 | ref | 0.2679 | ref | 0.6589 | 0.7807 |
| 0.10-0.249 | 3.03 (−1.38, 7.64) | 2.76 (−2.19, 7.96) | 3.25 (−5.92, 13.32) | ||||
| 0.25-0.49 | 3.44 (−1.75, 8.92) | 3.27 (−2.58, 9.48) | 3.93 (−6.80, 15.91) | ||||
| 0.50-0.99 | 2.32 (−3.35, 8.32) | 1.52 (−4.81, 8.26) | 4.50 (−7.46, 18.00) | ||||
| 1.00-2.49 | 7.02 (0.44, 14.02) | 5.65 (−1.73, 13.59) | 10.25 (−3.29, 25.68) | ||||
| 2.50-4.99 | 2.99 (−6.67, 13.64) | 6.41 (−4.97, 19.15) | −5.79 (−22.78, 14.94) | ||||
| 5.00-41.6 | −0.81 (−12.82, 12.86) | −0.10 (−13.53, 15.43) | −6.48 (−29.58, 24.21) | ||||
| Thyroid volume, mL | |||||||
| 1.8-7.9 | ref | <0.0001 | ref | <0.0001 | ref | <0.0001 | 0.0015 |
| 8.0-9.6 | 11.67 (6.10, 17.53) | 12.35 (6.70, 18.29) | 2.37 (−18.59, 28.72) | ||||
| 9.7-11.6 | 24.31 (18.12, 30.83) | 23.21 (17.00, 29.75) | 44.66 (15.50, 81.19) | ||||
| 11.7-14.9 | 32.48 (25.57, 39.78) | 31.61 (24.42, 39.22) | 56.74 (28.35, 91.40) | ||||
| 15.0-88.8 | 60.06 (48.48, 72.53) | 45.47 (31.80, 60.54) | 95.65 (60.36, 138.71) | ||||
| Presence of ultrasound detected nodules at screening | |||||||
| No | ref | ref | |||||
| Yes | 16.94 (6.47, 28.43) | 24.20 (11.56, 38.28) | |||||
| Use of iodized salt | |||||||
| No | ref | ref | ref | 0.6376 | |||
| Yes | −7.90 (−12.08, −3.52) | −9.07 (−13.69, −4.20) | −3.71 (−12.90, 6.45) | ||||
Abbreviation: CI=confidence interval; ref=reference
Area under the Receiver Operating Characteristic curve for the model predicting normal/abnormal thyroid status from serum Tg=0.62
R-squared for the model with all subjects=0.15, p<0.001
R-squared for the normal thyroid model=0.12, p<0.001
R-squared for the abnormal thyroid model=0.16, p<0.001
Abnormal thyroid criteria: thyroid volume>25 mL for males, thyroid volume>18 mL for females, presence of ultrasound-detected thyroid nodules, TSH<0.3 mIU/L, TSH≥4.0 mIU/L, or presence of thyroid disease
Adjusted for all variables in the table
Test for trend p-value from likelihood ratio test for significance of adding corresponding variables to the model; p-trend values were adjusted for multiple comparisons using the false discovery rate
False discovery rate-adjusted p-values for interaction are 0.2292 for age at examination, 0.0180 for thyroid volume, 0.4282 for year at examination, UIC and serum TSH, and 0.8271 for sex, oblast, smoking, serum ATPO, serum ATg, 131I thyroid dose, and use of iodized salt