Table 2.
Demographic characteristics of the children per birth method group (N = 91).
| Variable | VB group (n = 58) | CS group (n = 33) | Mann–Whitney U | p value | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Median (range) | Missing data | Median (range) | Missing data | ||||
| Birth weight | 3.4 (1.8-4.7) | 11 (19) | 3.2 (1.3-4.5) | 4 (12) | 596.0 | 0.366 | |
| Gestational age | 40 (29-42) | 3 (5) | 39 (32-42) | 4 (12) | 472.5 | 0.001∗ | |
| Minutes to first contact | 1 (1-38880) | 3 (5) | 1 (1-360) | 4 (12) | 765.5 | 0.765 | |
| Minutes to first breastfeed | 1 (1-38880) | 6 (10) | 12 (1-360) | 4 (12) | 478.0 | 0.006∗ | |
| Age to first solids | 6 (1-12) | 7 (12) | 6 (1-8) | 2 (6) | 758.5 | 0.761 | |
| Pressure1 in months | 12 (0-54) | 4 (7) | 18 (1-43) | 6 (18) | 645.5 | 0.405 | |
| No. (%) | No. (%) | Chi-squared | df | p value | |||
| Gender | 0(0) | 0(0) | 0.29 | 1 | 0.590 | ||
| Female | 30 (52) | 19 (58) | |||||
| Male | 28 (48) | 14 (42) | |||||
| Birth order | 1 (2) | 1 (3) | 0.830# | ||||
| First | 23 (40) | 9 (27) | |||||
| Second | 18 (31) | 13 (39) | |||||
| Third | 12 (21) | 8 (24) | |||||
| Fourth and fifth | 4 (6) | 2 (6) | |||||
| Colic2 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.16 | 1 | 0.693 | ||
| Yes | 12 (21) | 8 (24) | |||||
| No | 46 (79) | 25 (76) | |||||
| Illness3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.133# | ||||
| Yes | 3 (5) | 5 (15) | |||||
| No | 55 (95) | 28 (85) | |||||
| Ear infections3 | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | 0.780# | ||||
| Yes | 11 (19) | 5 (15) | |||||
| No | 47 (81) | 27 (82) | |||||
| Allergies3 | 0 (0) | 1 (3) | 1.000# | ||||
| Yes | 7 (12) | 3 (9) | |||||
| No | 51 (88) | 29 (88) | |||||
| Eczema3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 1.01 | 1 | 0.314 | ||
| Yes | 16 (28) | 6 (18) | |||||
| No | 42 (72) | 27 (82) | |||||
| Asthma3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.718# | ||||
| Yes | 5 (9) | 4 (12) | |||||
| No | 53 (91) | 29 (88) | |||||
| Injuries3 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.129# | ||||
| Yes | 0 (0) | 2 (6) | |||||
| No | 58 (100) | 31 (94) | |||||
| Eating problems2 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.349# | ||||
| Yes | 2 (3) | 3 (9) | |||||
| No | 56 (97) | 30 (91) | |||||
| Crying2 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.51 | 1 | 0.474 | ||
| Yes | 12 (21) | 9 (27) | |||||
| No | 46 (79) | 24 (73) | |||||
| Sleeping problems2 | 0 (0) | 0 (0) | 0.003∗# | ||||
| Yes | 12 (21) | 9 (27) | |||||
| No | 46 (79) | 24 (73) | |||||
∗Statistically significant difference p < 0.05. #Fisher's exact test, two-tailed. 1Pressure was defined as swaddling, being carried in a traditional manner on the caregiver's back, or in a baby carrier or sling, and was estimated by the mother in months of the baby's life that these methods were used. 2Colic, eating problems, crying and sleeping problems: measured through a question to obtain the mother's subjective opinion. 3Illnesses, ear infections, allergies, eczema, asthma, and injuries: based on a medical diagnosis; Yes = this was in the child's history as reported by caregiver; No = this was not in the child's history as reported by caregiver.