Table 1.

List of plants identified and reported to be used to treat diarrhea in the study area.

Family	Scientific name	Local name (Amh)	Plant parts used	Route of administration	Plant condition	Mode of preparation	References
Acanthaceae, just to have the column homogenized	Justicia schimperiana (Hochst. ex Nees) T.Anders	Smiza/Sensel	L	Oral	Dry	Smash, mix with water then drink the juice	[20]
Aloaceae	Aloe spp.	Eret	R	Oral	Fresh	Cutting is done to harvest the jelly juice	[21]
Apiaceae	Heteromorpha arborescens (Spreng). Cham. and Schitdi.	Yejib mirkuz	L	Oral	Fresh	Crush	[22]
Asteraceae	Vernonia adoensis Sch.Bip.exWalp	Etse mossie/mererug	R	Oral	Dry	Crashing the root and drinking the decoction	[23]
	Artemisia abyssinica	Chikugn	R and L	Oral	Dry	Crush and mix with water, then drink	[24]
	Artemisia abyssinica	Chikugn	L	Oral	Dry	The dried leaf is ground, mixed with water, and drunk	[25]
	Artemisia abyssinica	Chikugn	R and L	Oral	Fresh	The fresh root and leaves are crushed, mixed with water, and then drunk	[26]
	Solanecio gigas (Vatke) C. jeffrey	yeshikoko gomen	L	Oral	Fresh	Crush	[22]
Boraginaceae	Cordia africana	Wanza	Rb	Oral	Dry	Taking the maceration orally once daily until healed	[27]
Brassicaceae	Lepidium sativum L.	Feto	S	Oral	Dry	Seeds are ground into a paste-like food and then eaten or mixed with butter and water and then drunk	[28]
	Lepidium sativum L.	Feto	S	Oral	Dry	The dry seeds are pounded, powdered, and mixed with water, and the solution has to be taken orally	[29]
	Lepidium sativum L.	Feto	S	Oral	Dry	The seeds are crushed and mixed with milk, and then, the mixture is drunk	[26]
	Lepidium sativum L.	Feto	S	Oral	Dry	The dry seeds are pounded, powdered, and mixed with water, and the solution is taken orally	[30]
Caricaceae	Carica papaya L.	Papaya	S	Oral	Fresh	Ingest a few seeds with “Injera” for three days	[28]
	Carissa spinarum L.	Agam	R	Oral	Dry	The dry root is pounded, powdered, salt is added, and it is made into a solution and drunk	[29]
	Carissa spinarum L.	Agam	L	Oral	Dry	The leaf is powdered, mixed with Coffea arabica L., and drunk	[26]
	Carissa spinarum L.	Agam	R	Oral	Dry	The dry root is pounded, powdered, salt is added, and it is made into a solution, which is then drunk	[30]
Combretaceae	Anogeissus leiocarpa (A. Rich) Guill. and Perr	Kekera	Sb	Oral		Drinking the stem bark decoction	[23]
Cucurbitaceae	Cucumis ficifolius	Yemidir embuay	R	Oral	Fresh	The root is crushed and mixed with water before being allowed to drink	[31]
	Zehneria scabra (Linn. f.) Sond	Hareg eresa	L	Oral	Dry	Crush, chew, and then swallow juice	[20]
	Momordica foetida Schumach	Yekura hareg/Kuramechat	L	Oral	Fresh	Pound, squeeze, and then drink	[20]
	Cucumis ficifolius	Yemidir embuay	R	Oral	Fresh	The crushed fruits are mixed with water, and then about one liter is drunk	[32]
	Zehneria scabra (Linn. f.) Sond	Hareg eresa	L	Oral	Dry	Leaves are crushed and mixed with some fresh water, and then one cup of it is drunk	[33]
Euphorbiaceae	Clutia lanceolata Forssk	Fiyele fej	R	Dermal	Dry	It is crushed and then tied on the neck region	[20]
	Croton macrostachyus De	Bisana	L	Oral	Dry	Leaf powder mixed with water is taken orally	[34]
	Clutia abyssinica Jaub. and spach	Fiyele fej	L	Oral	Fresh	Crush	[22]
Fabaceae	Acacia etbaica Schweinf	Girar	R	Oral	Dry	One cup of powdered dried root with water is taken	[31]
	Senna didymobotrya (Fresen.)	Yeferenj digita	S	Oral	Dry/fresh	The seed is crushed and roasted, and then it is drunk with coffee	[31]
	Calpurnia aurea (Ait). Benth	Digita	L	Oral	Fresh	Fresh leaf soaked in water is given orally	[35]
	Calpurnia aurea (Ait). Benth	Digita	S	Oral	Dry	Grind and eat after pounding with honey	[20]
	Calpurnia aurea (Ait). Benth	Digita	L	Oral	Fresh	The fresh leaf is crushed, soaked in water for 2-3 hours, and decanted, and one glass is administered orally	[29]
	Calpurnia aurea (Ait). Benth	Digita	L	Oral	Fresh	The fresh leaf is crushed, soaked in water for 2-3 hours, and decanted, and one glass is administered orally	[36]
	Acacia abyssinica	Girar	R	Oral	Dry	The dried root is powdered and mixed with water, and one cup is drunk	[32]
	Calpurnia aurea (Ait). Benth	Digita	Fr	Oral	Dry	One dried and powdered pod of fruits is mixed with honey and taken before breakfast until you get relief	[32]
	Calpurnia aurea (Ait). Benth	Digita	L	Oral	Fresh	The fresh leaf is crushed, soaked in water for 2-3 hours, and decanted, and then one glass is administered orally	[30]
	Calpurnia aurea (Ait). Benth	Digita	L	Oral	Fresh	Crush and boil	[22]
Lamiaceae	Leonotis ocymifolia	Yeferes zeng	L and Fr	Oral	Dry	Powder of dried fruit and leaf is mixed with honey and then given	[28]
	Leonotis ocymifolia	Yeferes zeng	L and Fr	Oral	Dry	Dried leaf and fruit powder mixed with honey is given orally	[35]
	Ocimum lamiifolium L.	Damakesi	L	Oral	Fresh	Fresh leaf is boiled with tea and one cup of tea is drunk	[29]
	Leonotis ocymifolia	Feres zeng	L and Fr	Oral	Dry	The dried leaf and fruits are crushed, powdered, and mixed with honey, and one glass is taken orally	[36]
	Mentha piperita L.	Nana	L and S	Oral	Dry	Pound after mixing it with Nigella sativa and A. sativum	[21]
	Mentha piperita L.	Nana	L	Oral	Fresh	Pound the leaf, mix it with A. sativum and R. chalepensis, and then drink the mixture	[25]
	Plectranthus lactiflorus (Vatke) Agnew	Dibrk	L	Oral	Dry	The roots and leaves of P. lactiflorus are mixed with water, and the filtrate is drunk	[26]
	Ocimum lamiifolium L.	Damakesi	L	Oral	Fresh	The fresh leaves are boiled with tea, and then one cup of the mixture is drunk	[30]
	Salvia nilotica Jacq	Hulegeb	R	Oral	Fresh	Crush	[22]
	Satureja punctata R.Br	Etse-meaza/lomi kesie	R	Oral	Fresh	Use the unprocessed plant	[22]
Linaceae	Linum usitatissimum L	Telba	S	Oral	Dry	The powder is boiled, and then it is drunk like soup	[24]
	Linum usitatissimum L	Telba	S	Oral	Dry	Powder	[22]
Malvaceae	Gossypium barbadense L	Tite	L	Oral	Dry	Powdered and mixed with water	[37]
	Malva parviflora L.	Zebenya	L	Oral	Fresh	Pound	[21]
Menispermaceae	Stephania abyssinica (Dillon and A. Rich.) Walp	Yedimet Ain	R	Oral	Dry	Chewing	[38]
Moraceae	Ficus vasta Forssk	Warka	S	Oral	Bark	Dried stem bark powder with salt is given orally for cattle	[35]
	Ficus thonningii Blume	Chibha	R	Oral	Dry	The root is chewed	[34]
	Ficus vasta Forssk	Warka	Sb	Oral	Dry	The bark is crushed, powdered, mixed with salt, and given to eat	[36]
Myrtaceae	Syzygium guineense [willd.] DC	Dokima	Sb/Rb	Oral	Dry	Mix the powder with honey/water and then drinking	[23]
	Myrtus communis L.	Ades	L	Oral	Fresh	The juice of the leaf is taken orally in the morning	[34]
Poaceae	Hordeum vulgare L.	Gebis	S	Oral	Dry	Seeds are immersed in water and allowed to germinate before being dried, roasted, and pulverized. The powder is then heated in water and drunk till the pain subsides	[31]
	Hordeum vulgare L.	Tikur gebis	S	Oral	Dry	The seeds are soaked in water and made to germinate, dried, roasted, and powdered. Then the powder is boiled in water and drunk until relief is obtained	[32]
	Eragrostis tef. (Zucc.)Trotter	Nech teff	S	Oral	Dry	The floor porridge is eaten three times	[33]
	Sorghum bicolor (Moench)	Zengada	S	Oral	Dry	Powder	[22]
Polygonaceae	Rumex nepalensis Spreng	Yewusha milas	R	Oral	Dry	Crushing	[38]
	Rumex abyssinicus	Mekimeko	R	Oral	Dry	Orally take maceration once daily until the healing process is complete	[27]
Punicaceae	Punica granatum	Roman	Fb	Oral	Fresh	The flesh of the fruit bark is eaten continuously against heavy diarrhea	[32]
Rhamnaceae	Ziziphus spina-christi (L.) Desf	Geba	Sb	Oral	Fresh	Use the unprocessed plant	[22]
Rosaceae	Prunus persica (L.) Batsch	Kega	L	Oral	Dry	Crush, immerse in water then give	[20]
Rubiaceae	Coffea arabica L.	Buna	S	Oral	Dry	The powder is mixed with honey and eaten	[31]
	Coffea arabica L.	Buna	Fr	Oral	Dry	Grind and eat with honey	[20]
	Coffea arabica L.	Buna	S	Oral	Dry	The dry seed is roasted, powdered, mixed with honey, and one or two spoons are taken in the morning for three days	[29]
	Coffea arabica L.	Buna	S	Oral	Dry	Roast the powder and take it with honey on an empty stomach	[39]
	Coffea arabica L.	Buna	S	Oral	Dry	The dry seed is roasted, powdered, mixed with honey, and one or two spoons are taken in the morning for three days	[30]
Rutaceae	Ruta chalepensis L	Tena Adam	L	Oral	Fresh	The fresh leaf, together with salt (concoction), is chewed	[29]
	Ruta chalepensis L	Tena Adam	S	Oral	Dry	The pounded seed will be mixed with coffee, then drunk	[24]
	Ruta chalepensis L.	Tena Adam	L	Oral	Fresh	Chewing the fresh leaf together with salt (concoction)	[30]
Scrophulariaceae	Verbascum sinaiticum Benth	qetetina/Daba Keded	R	Oral	Dry	Crush and drink with water	[20]
	Verbascum sinaiticum Benth	qetetina/Daba Keded	R, L, and S	Oral	Dry	Crushing	[38]
	Verbascum sinaiticum Benth	qetetina/Daba Keded	R	Oral	Fresh	The juice of the root is taken orally	[34]
Solanaceae	Solanum nigrum L.	Awut	L	Oral	Dry	Leaves are crushed and chewed, and then the juice is swallowed	[20]
	Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal	Giziewa	L	Oral	Fresh/Dry	Squeezing, crushing	[29, 38]
	Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal	Giziewa	L	Oral	Dried or fresh	Mix the powder of 3 leaves with water and drink	[40]
	Withania somnifera (L.) Dunal	Giziewa	L	Oral	Fresh	The fresh leaves are crushed, squeezed, mixed with water, and then drunk	[30]
Verbenaceae	Verbena officinalis-L	Atuch	R	Oral	Fresh	Sap of the fresh root is chewed and swallowed for three days	[28]
	Verbena officinalis-L	Atuch	L	Oral	Fresh	The fresh leaves are crushed, mixed with water, and given orally	[29]
	Verbena officinalis-L	Atuch	R & S	Oral	Fresh	Pound the leaf, stem, and root, mix them with water, and then drink	[26]
	Verbena officinalis-L	Atuch	R	Oral	Fresh	Extract the root powder with water, filter it, and take the filtrate on an empty stomach	[40]
	Verbena officinalis-L	Atuch	L	Oral	Fresh	The fresh leaves are crushed, mixed with water, and given orally	[30]
	Verbena officinalis-L	Atuch	R	Oral	Fresh	Crush	[22]
Zygophyllaceae	Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile (Zygophyllaceae)	Bedena	L	Oral	Fresh	Crush to collect juice	[21]

Note. Plant parts used (Fb = fruit bark, Fr = fruit, L = Leaf, R = root, Rb = root bark, S = seed, and Sb = stem bark).