Table 2.
AAMA and GAMA urinary levels (µg/g creatinine) in European children/adolescents and adults (including smokers), by European geographical regions and by participating studies.
| Population group | Metabolite | European region | Study acronym | N samples | LOQ | N samples > LOQ | QF (%) | Mean (SD) | P10 | P25 | P50 | P75 | P90 |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Children/adolescents | AAMA | South | NACII-IT | 300 | 3.2 | 298 | 99.3 | 100.2 (94.8) | 37.8 | 55.7 | 78.7 | 119.4 | 181.0 |
| West | ESTEBAN-FR | 299 | 3.2 | 299 | 100 | 110.2 (114.9) | 42.0 | 57.1 | 83.9 | 126.5 | 193.0 | ||
| GerESV-DE | 2259 | 1 | 2259 | 100 | 74.6 (72.7) | 30.1 | 40.1 | 57.3 | 84.8 | 128.6 | |||
| Total | 2558 | – | 2558 | 100 | 78.8 (79.6) | 30.6 | 41.8 | 59.9 | 89.8 | 137.7 | |||
| North | NEBII-NO | 299 | 1 | 299 | 100 | 62.9 (56.4) | 27.6 | 34.5 | 51.4 | 75.1 | 102.4 | ||
| Total | All regions | 3157 | – | 3155 | 99.9 | 79.3 (79.7) | 30.4 | 41.9 | 60.7 | 90.8 | 139.2 | ||
| GAMA | South | NACII-IT | 300 | 1 | 298 | 99.3 | 34.5 (19.9) | 16.6 | 22.4 | 30.7 | 40.0 | 55.4 | |
| West | ESTEBAN-FR | 299 | 1 | 299 | 100 | 14.6 (10.2) | 6.8 | 9.0 | 11.9 | 17.7 | 23.1 | ||
| GerESV-DE | 2259 | 1 | 2257 | 99.9 | 14.7 (10.6) | 6.5 | 8.7 | 12.3 | 17.6 | 25.0 | |||
| Total | 2558 | – | 2556 | 99.9 | 14.7 (10.6) | 6.6 | 8.7 | 12.2 | 17.6 | 24.9 | |||
| North | NEBII-NO | 299 | 1 | 299 | 100 | 9.5 (5.3) | 5.2 | 6.6 | 8.3 | 10.9 | 14.2 | ||
| Total | All regions | 3157 | – | 3153 | 100 | 16.1 (13.0) | 6.5 | 8.6 | 12.5 | 19.2 | 29.3 | ||
| Adults | AAMA | South | INSEF-ExpoQuim-PT | 294 | 3.2 | 294 | 100 | 94.0 (80.8) | 35.1 | 47.1 | 72.1 | 111.8 | 182.9 |
| BETTERMILK | 117 | 0.25 | 117 | 100 | 89.8 (76.2) | 33.2 | 46.6 | 70.3 | 113.3 | 161.5 | |||
| Total | 411 | – | 411 | 100 | 92.8 (79.4) | 34.9 | 46.7 | 70.5 | 112.5 | 170.9 | |||
| West | ESTEBAN-FR | 300 | 3.2 | 300 | 100 | 162.5 (211.3) | 39.5 | 54.9 | 91.7 | 195.7 | 342.6 | ||
| ESB-DE | 180 | 10 | 166 | 92 | 39.9 (25.8) | 19.3 | 25.7 | 34.6 | 48.4 | 69.5 | |||
| Oriscav-Lux2-LU | 204 | 1 | 204 | 100 | 42.9 (45.7) | 16.1 | 20.6 | 28.8 | 46.2 | 88.3 | |||
| Total | 684 | – | 670 | 98 | 94.6 (154.8) | 19.8 | 28.9 | 48.3 | 94.3 | 211.5 | |||
| North | Diet_HBM-IS | 202 | 2 | 202 | 100 | 63.8 (59.7) | 24.4 | 33.0 | 47.3 | 74.7 | 105.5 | ||
| Total | All regions | 1297 | – | 1283 | 99 | 89.2 (123.7) | 22.7 | 34.3 | 55.1 | 95.6 | 188.3 | ||
| GAMA | South | INSEF-ExpoQuim-PT | 291 | 1 | 291 | 100 | 28.1 (15.5) | 14.8 | 18.8 | 25.0 | 32.9 | 42.3 | |
| BETTERMILK | 117 | 0.25 | 117 | 100 | 17.2 (10.2) | 8.1 | 10.4 | 14.3 | 22.1 | 29.5 | |||
| Total | 408 | – | 408 | 100 | 25.0 (15.0) | 10.6 | 15.3 | 22.4 | 30.2 | 40.7 | |||
| West | ESTEBAN-FR | 300 | 1 | 299 | 99.7 | 17.3 (21.3) | 5.2 | 7.2 | 11.2 | 20.8 | 34.3 | ||
| ESB-DE | 180 | 1 | 179 | 99.4 | 7.6 (3.3) | 4.3 | 5.5 | 7.1 | 8.9 | 11.4 | |||
| Oriscav-Lux2-LU | 204 | 1 | 204 | 100 | 8.0 (6.2) | 3.7 | 4.7 | 6.0 | 8.2 | 14.9 | |||
| Total | 684 | – | 682 | 99.7 | 12.0 (15.3) | 4.3 | 5.6 | 7.8 | 12.8 | 22.3 | |||
| North | Diet_HBM-IS | 189 | 3 | 174 | 92 | 8.4 (6.8) | 2.2 | 4.9 | 7.5 | 10.3 | 15.5 | ||
| Total | All regions | 1281 | – | 1264 | 97.9 | 15.6 (15.7) | 4.5 | 6.5 | 10.4 | 21.0 | 31.2 |
LOQ: Limit of quantification; QF: quantification frequency (% samples > LOQ); SD: standard deviation; P: percentile.