Table 3.
Pooled crude and multivariable-adjusted median differences in AAMA and GAMA urinary levels (beta coefficients with 95% CI) in relation to European geographical regions (North vs. South and West). Results are presented for non-smoking children/adolescents and adults, respectively.
| Population group | Model | AA urinary biomarkers | North reference | European geographical region | N | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| South β (95% CI) (µg/g creatinine) | West β (95% CI) (µg/g creatinine) | |||||
| Children/Adolescents | Crude | AAMA | Ref | 27.3 | 7.9 | 2895 |
| (20.3, 34.3) | (2.7, 13.1) | |||||
| GAMA | – | 22.4 | 3.9 | 2895 | ||
| (21.2, 23.7) | (3.9, 4.8) | |||||
| Multivariable-adjusteda | AAMA | – | 22.9 | 26.6 | 2958 | |
| (− 17.5, 63.3) | (3.0, 50.2) | |||||
| GAMA | – | 25.2 | 7.1 | 2958 | ||
| (18.2, 32.1) | (3.1, 11.2) | |||||
| Adults | Crude | AAMA | – | 13.3 | − 6.9 | 937 |
| (6.3, 20.4) | (− 13.3, − 0.5) | |||||
| GAMA | – | 12.6 | − 0.3 | 925 | ||
| (11.7, 13.5) | (− 1.1, 0.6) | |||||
| Multivariable-adjustedb | AAMA | – | 14.8 | − 21.0 | 877 | |
| (2.4, 27.3) | (− 36.9, − 5.0) | |||||
| GAMA | – | 6.3 | − 2.0 | 867 | ||
| (4.3, 8.2) | (− 4.4, 0.4) | |||||
aModel adjusted for the following variables: sex, age, passive smoking, sampling year, place of residence (cities, town and rural areas), highest educational level in the household, body mass index (BMI), physical activity, frequency of consumption of seafood, fish, meat, cereals, fried potatoes, bread, fast food, sugar drinks and tea/coffee.
bModel adjusted for the following variables: sex, sampling year, age, place of residence (cities, town and rural areas), educational level, physical activity, BMI, frequency of consumption of seafood, fried potatoes, fruits/vegetables, coffee and alcohol.