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. 2023 Dec 2;13:21294. doi: 10.1038/s41598-023-48718-w

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© The Author(s) 2023

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The diversity of gastric- and fecal-derived microbiota in the NCD, HFD, and sHFD groups. (A) Alpha diversity indices are shown for the gastric- and fecal-derived microbiota of rats fed the normal chow diet (NCD), rats fed a high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD-induced obese rats that underwent sleeve gastrectomy. (B) Principal Coordinate analysis (PCoA) plots showing results of microbial beta-diversity comparisons with the control group (red) for each oral disease group (blue). NCD_G: Gastric derived microbiota in normal chow diet group, HFD_G: Gastric derived microbiota in high-fat diet group, sHFD_G: Gastric derived microbiota in HFD-induced obese rats that underwent sleeve gastrectomy group. NCD_F: Fecal derived microbiota in normal chow diet group, HFD_F: Fecal derived microbiota in high-fat diet group, sHFD_F: Fecal derived microbiota in HFD-induced obese rats that underwent sleeve gastrectomy group.