Table 4.
The Pinaka index (PI) values show the degree of overall niche overlap according to the developmental stage and sex of red-tongued pit viper (Gloydius ussuriensis) in South Korea.
| Species | PI | Mean of PI | ESb | p | Variance of PI | p | |||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Observed | Simulateda | Observed | Simulated | ||||||
| Altitude | Adult female vs adult male | 0.9803 | 0.9712 | 0.5613 | 4.1963 | < 0.0001 | 0.0007 | 0.0971 | < 0.001 |
| Adult female vs juvenile female | 0.9945 | ||||||||
| Adult female vs juvenile male | 0.9887 | ||||||||
| Adult female vs neonate | 0.9414 | ||||||||
| Adult male vs juvenile female | 0.9803 | ||||||||
| Adult male vs juvenile male | 0.9773 | ||||||||
| Adult male vs neonate | 0.9867 | ||||||||
| Juvenile female vs juvenile male | 0.9989 | ||||||||
| Juvenile female vs neonate | 0.9352 | ||||||||
| Juvenile male vs neonate | 0.9299 | ||||||||
| Land | Adult female vs adult male | 0.9987 | 0.9944 | 0.3147 | 5.3996 | < 0.001 | 0.0001 | 0.1575 | < 0.01 |
| Adult female vs juvenile female | 0.9991 | ||||||||
| Adult female vs juvenile male | 0.9981 | ||||||||
| Adult female vs neonate | 0.9919 | ||||||||
| Adult male vs juvenile female | 0.9986 | ||||||||
| Adult male vs juvenile male | 0.9991 | ||||||||
| Adult male vs neonate | 0.9886 | ||||||||
| Juvenile female vs juvenile male | 0.9989 | ||||||||
| Juvenile female vs neonate | 0.9855 | ||||||||
| Juvenile male vs neonate | 0.9853 | ||||||||
| PC1 | Adult female vs adult male | 0.9949 | 0.8861 | 0.4917 | 4.3072 | < 0.01 | 0.0173 | 0.0867 | < 0.01 |
| Adult female vs juvenile female | 0.9744 | ||||||||
| Adult female vs juvenile male | 0.9921 | ||||||||
| Adult female vs neonate | 0.7727 | ||||||||
| Adult male vs juvenile female | 0.9761 | ||||||||
| Adult male vs juvenile male | 0.9899 | ||||||||
| Adult male vs neonate | 0.7051 | ||||||||
| Juvenile female vs juvenile male | 0.9937 | ||||||||
| Juvenile female vs neonate | 0.7119 | ||||||||
| Juvenile male vs neonate | 0.7502 | ||||||||
| PC2 | Adult female vs adult male | 0.9815 | 0.9567 | 0.5299 | 4.9986 | < 0.001 | 0.0022 | 0.0740 | < 0.001 |
| Adult female vs juvenile female | 0.9979 | ||||||||
| Adult female vs juvenile male | 0.9947 | ||||||||
| Adult female vs neonate | 0.8897 | ||||||||
| Adult male vs juvenile female | 0.9722 | ||||||||
| Adult male vs juvenile male | 0.9914 | ||||||||
| Adult male vs neonate | 0.9570 | ||||||||
| Juvenile female vs juvenile male | 0.9936 | ||||||||
| Juvenile female vs neonate | 0.8712 | ||||||||
| Juvenile male vs neonate | 0.9187 | ||||||||
| PC3 | Adult female vs adult male | 0.9467 | 0.9727 | 0.4531 | 5.2869 | < 0.0001 | 0.0005 | 0.1001 | < 0.0001 |
| Adult female vs juvenile female | 0.9833 | ||||||||
| Adult female vs juvenile male | 0.9823 | ||||||||
| Adult female vs neonate | 0.9894 | ||||||||
| Adult male vs juvenile female | 0.9821 | ||||||||
| Adult male vs juvenile male | 0.9206 | ||||||||
| Adult male vs neonate | 0.9661 | ||||||||
| Juvenile female vs juvenile male | 0.9727 | ||||||||
| Juvenile female vs neonate | 0.9972 | ||||||||
| Juvenile male vs neonate | 0.9867 | ||||||||
aThe number of iteration for stimulation is 10,000. bStandardized effect size: (Observed index-Stimulated index)/(Standard deviation of simulated indices).