Table 3.
Estimated occurrence of fungal taxa, root tips characteristics, species richness and diversity associated with the roots of silver birch trees, examined at the urban and forest sites (left columns), divided into 4 clusters as discussed in the study (right columns).
| Identification | NCBI | Identity (%) | Forest | Urban | Forest 1 | Forest 2 | Urban 3 | Urban 4 | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Freq | Abun | Freq | Abun | Freq | Abun | Freq | Abun | Freq | Abun | Freq | Abun | |||
| Basidiomycota | ||||||||||||||
| T. ellisii | MZ773239 | 99 | 100 | 53.2 | 100 | 37.3 | 100 | 64.4 | 100 | 45.2 | 100 | 40.5 | 100 | 32.2 |
| L. quietus | MZ773236 | 99 | 20 | 0.90 | 20 | 0.48 | 20 | 1.2 | 20 | 0.69 | 33 | 0.79 | – | – |
| S. citrinum | MZ773238 | 100 | 60 | 6.0 | 30 | 7.4 | 60 | 3.3 | 60 | 7.9 | 17 | 0.58 | 50 | 18.2 |
| R. amoenolens | MZ773233 | 99 | 70 | 8.8 | 60 | 17.4 | 60 | 5.7 | 80 | 11.0 | 67 | 16.8 | 50 | 18.5 |
| R. ochroleuca | MZ773235 | 100 | 10 | 1.3 | 40 | 7.2 | 20 | 3.1 | – | – | 33 | 7.9 | 50 | 6.0 |
| R. exalbicans | MZ773234 | 99 | 80 | 12.8 | 80 | 10.7 | 80 | 15.1 | 80 | 11.1 | 67 | 12.3 | 100 | 8.3 |
| C. bivelus | MZ773232 | 100 | 10 | 3.3 | 20 | 6.0 | – | – | 20 | 5.7 | 17 | 0.44 | 25 | 14.8 |
| X. pruinatus | MZ773240 | 100 | 10 | 1.2 | 10 | 0.63 | 20 | 2.9 | – | – | 17 | 1.0 | – | – |
| Ascomycota | ||||||||||||||
| G. hispidula | MZ773241 | 100 | 40 | 10.5 | 40 | 12.9 | 40 | 2.1 | 40 | 16.5 | 50 | 19.7 | 25 | 2.1 |
| Helotiales sp. | MZ773237 | 99 | 10 | 1.2 | – | – | – | – | 20 | 2.1 | – | – | ||
| Helotiaceae sp. | MZ77324 | 98 | 10 | 0.90 | – | – | 20 | 2.1 | – | – | – | – | ||
| Number of | Total | Forest | Urban | Forest 1 | Forest 2 | Urban 3 | Urban 4 | |||||||
| Trees | 20 | 10 | 10 | 5 | 5 | 6 | 4 | |||||||
| Root tips | 12,542 | 6018 | 6524 | 2576 | 3442 | 4032 | 2492 | |||||||
| NV root tips | 280 | 88 | 192 | 63 | 25 | 134 | 58 | |||||||
| NM root tips | 1648 | 910 | 738 | 412 | 498 | 471 | 267 | |||||||
| VM root tips | 10,614 | 5020 | 5594 | 2101 | 2919 | 3427 | 2167 | |||||||
| Mean number of root tips per tree (mean ± standard deviation) Ns 1 | 602 ± 193 | 652 ± 78 | 515 ± 212 | 688 ± 141 | 672 ± 89 | 623 ± 57 | ||||||||
| Fisher test of independence (p value < 0.001)2 | Total mean | |||||||||||||
| NV (%) | 2.2 | 1.5↓ | 2.9↑ | 2.4 | 0.7↓ | 3.3↑ | 2.3 | |||||||
| NM (%) | 13.1 | 15.1↑ | 11.3↓ | 16.0↑ | 14.5↑ | 11.7↓ | 10.7↓ | |||||||
| VM (degree of mycorrhization) (%) | 84.6 | 83.4 | 85.7 | 81.6 | 84.8 | 85.0 | 87.0 | |||||||
| Sum (%) | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | |||||||
| Observed species richness | ||||||||||||||
| Mycorrhizal fungal species [n] | 11 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 7 | ||||||||
| Chao-1 | 11 | 9 | 9 | 8 | 9 | 7 | ||||||||
| Diversity | ||||||||||||||
| Shannon diversity index (Hʹ)—for combined samples | 1.58 | 1.78 | 1.27 | 1.62 | 1.58 | 1.73 | ||||||||
| Shannon diversity index (Hʹ), mean of individual samples ± standard deviation | Ns1 | 0.95 ± 0.31 | 0.99 ± 0.30 | 0.89 ± 0.25 | 1.01 ± 0.38 | 0.98 ± 0.22 | 1.01 ± 0.44 | |||||||
Data are the frequency (Freq.: percent of colonized plants) and abundance (Abun.; percent of mycorrhizal roots colonized) of fungal taxa on root tips based on the morphotype analysis. The contingency tables for the tree classes versus the abundance of the ‘vital ECM’ (VM) ‘non-vital’ (NV) or ‘vital non-ECM’ (NM) root tips86.
U Mann–Whitney test for comparison of urban versus forest means. Kruskal–Wallis test for comparison of cluster means.
Pearson residuals analysis: the values in the contingency tables in bold were significantly above or below the expected values (identified as those for which the absolute maximum of Pearson’s residual exceeded the value of 2). The upper (lower) arrows indicate values which were above (below) the expected values.