Table 3.
Estimated coefficients (β), standard errors (SE), and p-values (p) of the ordinal regression models for the OHRQoL parameters in a sample of US undergraduate students (n = 372). Threshold coefficients for the last level, and the parameters of the baseline level for all explanatory variables were set to zero. P-values less than 0.05 are indicated by an asterisk
| OHRQoL parameters | 1. Biting difficulty | 2. Chewing difficulty | 3. Speech or pronunciation difficulty | 4. Dry mouth | 5. Embarrassed with dental appearance | 6. Feeling intense with tooth problems | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Threshold coefficients | |||||||
| Never |
β SE p |
0.85 0.42 0.0435* |
1.32 0.46 0.0004* |
0.30 0.41 0.4696 |
-0.24 0.36 0.5072 |
0.12 0.35 0.7312 |
0.83 0.40 0.0378* |
| Sometimes |
β SE p |
3.05 0.52 < 0.0001* |
3.57 0.59 <0.0001* |
1.81 0.45 0.0001* |
1.65 0.37 <0.0001* |
1.67 0.37 <0.0001* |
2.68 0.45 <0.0001* |
| Fairly or very often | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | |
| Age | |||||||
| 19 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | |
| 20 |
β SE p |
0.13 0.29 0.6601 |
0.33 0.33 0.3201 |
-0.07 0.30 0.8097 |
0.03 0.22 0.8760 |
0.23 0.22 0.2871 |
-0.14 0.28 0.6116 |
| 21 or above |
β SE p |
-0.31 0.69 0.6582 |
0.74 0.60 0.2182 |
0.16 0.61 0.7882 |
0.10 0.52 0.8780 |
0.55 0.50 0.2739 |
1.12 0.51 0.0283* |
| Gender | |||||||
| Female | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | |
| Male |
β SE p |
-0.31 0.32 0.3331 |
-0.15 0.35 0.6775 |
-0.75 0.35 0.0333* |
-0.16 0.24 0.5065 |
-0.09 0.24 0.6924 |
-0.24 0.29 0.4071 |
| Transgender, Non-binary and Others |
β SE p |
-0.80 0.76 0.2944 |
-1.05 1.04 0.3169 |
0.01 0.58 0.9789 |
-0.01 0.43 0.9887 |
0.30 0.42 0.4772 |
0.91 0.46 0.0471* |
| Level of Oral Health Knowledge | |||||||
| Poor | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | |
| Fair |
β SE p |
-0.86 0.52 0.0964 |
-0.46 0.53 0.3815 |
-1.28 0.50 0.0112* |
-0.51 0.40 0.2055 |
-0.30 0.40 (0.4566 |
-0.89 0.49 0.0718* |
| Good |
β SE p |
-0.59 0.42 0.1601 |
-0.82 0.46 0.0731 |
-1.12 0.41 0.0006* |
-0.44 0.36 0.2119 |
-0.30 0.35 0.3888 |
-0.24 0.40 0.5532 |
| OHRQoL parameters | 7. Avoidance of smiling | 8. Interrupted sleep | 9. Taking days off | 10. Difficulty doing usual activities | 11. Less tolerant of close people | 12. Reduced participation in social activities | |
| Threshold coefficients | |||||||
| Never |
β SE p |
0.65 0.38 0.0917 |
1.16 0.48 0.0154* |
2.08 0.61 0.0007* |
1.76 0.59 0.0027* |
1.87 0.61 0.0023* |
1.98 0.59 0.0008* |
| Sometimes |
β SE p |
1.84 0.40 <0.0001* |
2.45 0.54 <0.0001* |
2.96 0.66 <0.0001* |
2.81 0.65 <0.0001* |
2.71 0.65 <0.0001* |
2.73 0.63 <0.0001* |
| Fairly or very often | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | |
| Age | |||||||
| 19 | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | |
| 20 |
β SE p |
0.12 0.24 0.6191 |
-0.25 0.41 0.5454 |
-0.15 0.58 0.7914 |
-0.10 0.60 0.8740 |
-0.34 0.54 0.5363 |
-0.20 0.56 0.7232 |
| 21 or above |
β SE p |
0.80 0.47 0.0902 |
0.11 0.72 0.8769 |
0.75 0.79 0.3404 |
0.97 0.76 0.2008 |
0.90 0.78 0.2483 |
0.71 0.78 0.3639 |
| Gender | |||||||
| Female | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | |
| Male |
β SE p |
-0.01 0.25 0.9612 |
-0.06 0.41 0.8810 |
0.87 0.53 0.1011 |
0.49 0.55 0.3714 |
-0.29 0.55 0.5953 |
0.38 0.52 0.4709 |
| Others |
β SE p |
-0.63 0.57 0.2716 |
0.59 0.68 0.3853 |
1.48 0.85 0.0825 |
1.56 0.87 0.0724 |
1.18 0.70 0.0913 |
1.61 0.73 0.0281* |
| Level of Oral Health Knowledge | |||||||
| Poor | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | --- | |
| Fair |
β SE p |
-0.15 0.43 0.7343 |
-0.56 0.55 0.3053 |
-1.52 0.78 0.0526 |
-1.38 0.70 0.0501 |
-0.90 0.75 0.2332 |
-0.83 0.69 0.2300 |
| Good |
β SE p |
-0.24 0.38 0.5279 |
-1.43 0.50 0.0040* |
-1.71 0.62 0.0054* |
-2.37 0.64 0.0002* |
-1.11 0.63 0.0771 |
-1.65 0.62 0.0078* |
--- used as the baseline reference in ordinal regression models