Table 1.

The participation mechanisms of itaconate and derivatives in different disease models

Disease	Model	Species	Agents	Mechanisms	References
Sepsis	LPS-induced lethality	Mice	4-OI	Nrf2/HO-1	Zhang et al.
	LPS-induced lethality	Mice	4-OI	GAPDH	Liao et al.
	CLP-induced sepsis	Mice	4-OI	Nrf2–PDL1	Zhang et al.
	CLP-induced sepsis	Mice	IRG1 deletion	CDK2–IRG1	Wu et al.
IBD	DSS-induced colitis	Mice	DI	Inflammatory cytokine	Wang et al.
	DSS-induced colitis	Mice	4-OI	Inflammatory cytokine	Kim et al.
	DSS-induced colitis	Mice	4-OI	Nrf2/HO-1, pyroptosis	Yang et al.
I/R injury	Myocardial I/R injury	Mice	DI	SDH	Lampropoulou et al.
	Cerebral I/R injury	Mice	Exogenous itaconate	SDH, Nrf2/ROS	Cordes et al.
	Hepatic I/R injury	Mice	Exercise	Nrf2/HO-1	Zhang et al.
	Hepatic I/R injury	Mice	4-OI	Nrf2/HO-1	Yi et al.
	Hepatic I/R injury	Mice	DI	NLRP3	Ma et al.
SLE	Cells from SLE patients	Human	4-OI	Nrf2/HO-1	Tang et al.
	Murine lupus	Mice	4-OI	Keap1/Nrf2, Glycolysis	Blanco et al.
MS	EAE	Mice	DI	Nrf2/HO-1, SDH	Kuo et al.
	Mixed glia	Mice, human	DI, 4-OI	NLRP3	Hoyle et al.
CAPS	Cells from CAPS patients	Human	4-OI	NLRP3	Hooftman et al.
AAA	Ang II-induced AAA	Mice, human	4-OI	Nrf2	Song et al.
Mastitis	LPS-induced mastitis	Mice	DI	Nrf2	Zhao et al.
Endometritis	LPS-induced endometritis	Mice	DI	Nrf2/HO-1	Xu et al.
Renal fibrosis	Adenine-induced fibrosis	Rats	4-OI	Nrf2	Tian et al.
Osteoclastogenesis	RANKL-induced osteoclastogenesis	Mice	4-OI	Nrf2	Sun et al.
Periodontitis	Experimental periodontitis	Mice	4-OI	Keap1/Nrf2	Xin et al.
Myogenesis	BaCl2-induced muscle injury	Mice	4-OI	SDH	Oh et al.