Table 1.
Characteristics of Participants
| Female | Male | All | p-value | |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| n = 236 | n = 394 | n = 630 | ||
| Characteristics | ||||
| Age (mean, SD) | 66.1 (8.3) | 67.2 (8.7) | 66.8 (8.6) | 0.050 |
| 40–59 years (n, %) | 48 (20.3) | 71 (18.0) | 119 (18.9) | 0.217 |
| 60–69 years (n, %) | 104 (44.1) | 155 (39.3) | 259 (41.1) | |
| 70+ years (n, %) | 84 (35.6) | 168 (42.7) | 252 (40.0) | |
| BMI (mean, SD) | 25.2 (5.8) | 27.4 (5.2) | 26.6 (5.5) | < 0.001 |
| Smoking | ||||
| Current smoker (n, %) | 89 (39.2) | 120 (31.3) | 209 (34.2) | 0.134 |
| Former smoker (n, %) | 121 (53.3) | 231 (60.2) | 352 (57.6) | |
| Never smoker (n, %) | 17 (7.5) | 33 (8.5) | 50 (8.2) | |
| GOLD groups (exacerbation history) | ||||
| A and B (n, %) | 185 (78.4) | 309 (78.4) | 494 (78.4) | 0.991 |
| E (previously C and D) (n,%) | 51 (21.6) | 85 (21.6) | 136 (21.6) | |
| GOLD – grades (FEV1) | ||||
| 1 (n, %) | 14 (5.9) | 21 (5.3) | 35 (5.6) | 0.809 |
| 2 (n, %) | 132 (55.9) | 213 (54.1) | 345 (54.8) | |
| 3 (n, %) | 72 (30.5) | 134 (34.0) | 206 (32.7) | |
| 4 (n, %) | 18 (7.7) | 26 (6.6) | 44 (7.0) | |
| FEV1%-predicted (mean, SD) | 55.3 (17.1) | 53.7 (16.1) | 54.3 (16.5) | 0.247 |
| Exacerbations during last year | ||||
| 0 (n, %) | 113 (50.2) | 210 (54.7) | 323 (53.0) | 0.558 |
| 1 (n, %) | 69 (30.7) | 109 (28.4) | 178 (29.2) | |
| ≥ 2 (n, %) | 43 (19.1) | 65 (16.9) | 108 (17.7) | |
| Exacerbations with hospitalization during last year | ||||
| 0 (n, %) | 199 (89.6) | 336 (89.6) | 535 (89.6) | 0.988 |
| ≥ 1 (n, %) | 23 (10.4) | 39 (10.4) | 62 (10.4) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Arterial hypertension (n, %) | 104 (44.1) | 186 (47.2) | 290 (46.0) | 0.440 |
| Diabetes mellitus (n, %) | 27 (11.4) | 74 (18.8) | 101 (16.0) | 0.015 |
| Heart disease (n, %) | 30 (12.7) | 75 (19.0) | 105 (16.7) | 0.039 |
| Osteoporosis (n, %) | 53 (22.5) | 20 (5.1) | 73 (11.6) | < 0.001 |
| SGRQ-C | ||||
| Total (mean, SD) | 40.0 (22.6) | 38.1 (20.9) | 38.8 (21.5) | 0.149 |
| Impact (mean, SD) | 28.2 (23.7) | 26.4 (21.7) | 27.0 (22.4) | 0.572 |
| Symptoms (mean, SD) | 49.6 (22.4) | 51.7 (23.8) | 50.9 (23.3) | 0.158 |
| Activity (mean, SD) | 51.5 (26.1) | 48.0 (24.9) | 49.3 (25.4) | 0.149 |
| PHQ-9 | ||||
| Total (mean, SD) | 5.5 (4.7) | 5.3 (4.6) | 5.4 (4.7) | 0.447 |
| Symptoms | ||||
| Cough – several days a week (n, %) | 110 (47.0) | 204 (52.3) | 314 (50.3) | 0.200 |
| Phlegm – several days a week (n, %) | 88 (37.6) | 197 (50.4) | 285 (45.6) | 0.002 |
| Dyspnea – several days a week (n, %) | 92 (81.7) | 302 (77.6) | 494 (79.2) | 0.226 |
| Pain (10-point scale 1–10) | ||||
| (mean, SD) | 2.8 (2.1) | 2.5 (1.8) | 2.6 (1.9) | 0.194 |