Table 2.
Characteristics of Participants According to Their PHQ-9 Scores (Symptoms of Depression)
| PHQ-9 Score | < 5 | 5–14 | ≥ 15 | p-value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| No Symptoms of Depression | Mild to Moderate Depression | Severe Depression | ||
| n = 331 | n = 255 | n = 29 | ||
| Characteristics | ||||
| Age (mean, SD) | 66.9 (8.4) | 66.5 (8.8) | 65.4 (8.9) | 0.455 |
| 40–59 years (n, %) | 49 (14.8) | 61 (23.9) | 8 (27.6) | 0.031 |
| 60–69 years (n, %) | 150 (45.3) | 92 (36.1) | 11 (37.9) | |
| 70+ years (n, %) | 132 (39.9) | 102 (40.0) | 10 (34.5) | |
| Sex, female (n, %) | 119 (36.0) | 101 (39.6) | 13 (44.8) | 0.486 |
| BMI (mean, SD) | 26.4 (5.1) | 26.9 (6.0) | 29.0 (5.7) | 0.616 |
| Smoking | ||||
| Current smoker (n, %) | 103 (32.1) | 91 (36.7) | 9 (31.0) | 0.810 |
| Former smoker (n, %) | 190 (59.2) | 138 (55.7) | 17 (58.6) | |
| Never smoker (n, %) | 28 (8.7) | 19 (7.6) | 3 (10.4) | |
| GOLD groups (exacerbation history) | ||||
| A and B (n, %) | 283 (85.5) | 186 (72.9) | 14 (48.3) | < 0.001 |
| E (n, %) | 48 (14.5) | 69 (27.1) | 15 (51.7) | |
| GOLD grades (FEV1) | ||||
| 1 (n, %) | 25 (7.6) | 9 (3.5) | 0 (0.0) | < 0.001 |
| 2 (n, %) | 194 (58.6) | 129 (50.6) | 14 (48.3) | |
| 3 (n, %) | 100 (30.2) | 93 (36.5) | 7 (24.1) | |
| 4 (n, %) | 12 (3.6) | 24 (9.4) | 8 (27.6) | |
| FEV1%-predicted (mean, SD) | 56.9 (16.0) | 51.5 (16.5) | 46.7 (16.8) | < 0.001 |
| Exacerbations | ||||
| 0 (n, %) | 189 (59.8) | 118 (47.2) | 8 (28.6) | < 0.001 |
| 1 (n, %) | 94 (29.8) | 72 (28.8.) | 9 (32.1) | |
| ≥ 2 (n, %) | 33 (10.4) | 60 (24.0) | 11 (39.3) | |
| Comorbidities | ||||
| Arterial hypertension (n, %) | 145 (43.8) | 121 (47.5) | 16 (55.2) | 0.400 |
| Diabetes mellitus (n, %) | 48 (14.5) | 46 (18.0) | 6 (20.7) | 0.414 |
| Heart disease (n, %) | 45 (13.6) | 54 (21.2) | 6 (20.7) | 0.047 |
| Osteoporosis (n, %) | 37 (11.2) | 29 (11.4) | 5 (17.2) | 0.615 |
| SGRQ-C | ||||
| Total (mean, SD) | 29.3 (16.2) | 48.4 (20.6) | 68.3 (19.3) | < 0.001 |
| Impact (mean, SD) | 16.7 (14.6) | 37.7 (22.7) | 61.5 (20.6) | < 0.001 |
| Symptoms (mean, SD) | 43.1 (21.7) | 59.1 (21.7) | 69.1 (17.1) | < 0.001 |
| Activity (mean, SD) | 40.3 (22.5) | 58.2 (23.4) | 77.0 (25.9) | < 0.001 |
| Symptoms | ||||
| Cough – several days a week (n, %) | 147 (44.6) | 143 (57.0) | 15 (54.6) | 0.011 |
| Phlegm – several days a week (n, %) | 127 (38.5) | 134 (53.2) | 16 (57.1) | < 0.001 |
| Dyspnea – several days a week (n, %) | 234 (71.3) | 223 (88.1) | 27 (93.1) | < 0.001 |
| Pain (10-point scale 1–10) | ||||
| (mean, SD) | 2.1 (1.7) | 3.1 (1.9) | 4.0 (2.6) | < 0.001 |