Table 3.
Infant hospitalisation incidence rates (per 1000) by maternal diabetes status in Cree or other First Nations (OFN) and non-Indigenous communities in rural areas in Quebec 1996–2010
| Infant hospitalisation by ICD category | ND | PGD | GDM | PGD vs ND | P value* | GDM vs ND | P value* |
| Rate | Rate | Rate | RR (95% CI) | RR (95% CI) | |||
| Cree or OFN | |||||||
| Any (≥1 time) | 296.7 | 462.9 | 329.3 | 1.56 (1.28 to 1.91) | <0.0001 | 1.11 (0.94 to 1.31) | 0.25 |
| Infections | 82.8 | 139.9 | 94.9 | 1.69 (1.18 to 2.42) | 0.0001 | 1.15 (0.95 to 1.39) | 0.18 |
| Injuries | 13.3 | 18.6 | 20.3 | 1.40 (0.67 to 2.92) | 0.42 | 1.53 (0.62 to 3.78) | 0.31 |
| Birth defects | 18.9 | 48.5 | 23.0 | 2.57 (1.95 to 3.39) | <0.0001 | 1.22 (0.70 to 2.13) | 0.46 |
| Perinatal-originated | 10.6 | 29.0 | 15.2 | 2.74 (1.43 to 5.25) | <0.0001 | 1.43 (0.69 to 2.96) | 0.39 |
| Respiratory system | 95.9 | 167.8 | 109.3 | 1.75 (1.38 to 2.22) | <0.0001 | 1.14 (0.90 to 1.44) | 0.27 |
| Digestive system | 28.2 | 42.6 | 37.5 | 1.51 (1.05 to 2.17) | 0.02 | 1.33 (0.60 to 2.95) | 0.58 |
| Skin/subcutaneous | 29.5 | 59.7 | 36.0 | 2.02 (1.36 to 3.00) | <0.0001 | 1.22 (0.75 to 1.98) | 0.63 |
| Nervous system | 21.8 | 39.8 | 27.9 | 1.83 (1.35 to 2.48) | <0.0001 | 1.28 (0.80 to 2.05) | 0.75 |
| Urogenital | 12.0 | 19.8 | 16.0 | 1.65 (0.91 to 2.99) | 0.12 | 1.33 (0.63 to 2.81) | 0.73 |
| Muscular or skeleton | 1.5 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Blood | 27.0 | 52.0 | 38.1 | 1.93 (1.31 to 2.84) | <0.0001 | 1.41 (0.89 to 2.23) | 0.16 |
| Circulatory | 4.3 | 12.6 | 05.6 | 2.93 (1.42 to 6.04) | <0.0001 | 1.30 (0.41 to 4.12) | 0.89 |
| Endocrine | 27.8 | 47.3 | 36.2 | 1.70 (1.17 to 2.47) | 0.0001 | 1.30 (0.73 to 2.32) | 0.29 |
| Mental/developmental | 4.8 | 7.3 | 4.3 | 1.52 (1.01 to 2.29) | 0.04 | 0.90 (0.26 to 3.11) | 0.99 |
| Neoplasms | 1.1 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Undefined signs | 20.2 | 33.7 | 24.8 | 1.67 (1.10 to 2.54) | 0.0019 | 1.23 (0.77 to 1.96) | 0.81 |
| Non-Indigenous | |||||||
| Any (≥1 time) | 153.1 | 192.9 | 158.4 | 1.26 (1.15 to 1.39) | <0.0001 | 1.03 (0.98 to 1.08) | 0.31 |
| Infections | 37.7 | 51.6 | 40.3 | 1.37 (1.16 to 1.63) | 0.0003 | 1.07 (0.97 to 1.18) | 0.17 |
| Injuries | 5.1 | 6.3 | 6.2 | 1.24 (0.75 to 2.07) | 0.48 | 1.22 (0.95 to 1.57) | 0.14 |
| Birth defects | 11.2 | 28.2 | 12.9 | 2.52 (1.98 to 3.19) | <0.0001 | 1.15 (0.97 to 1.36) | 0.13 |
| Perinatal-originated | 7.7 | 18.2 | 8.6 | 2.36 (1.76 to 3.18) | <0.0001 | 1.12 (0.91 to 1.39) | 0.31 |
| Respiratory system | 39.6 | 65.0 | 35.1 | 1.64 (1.41 to 1.91) | <0.0001 | 0.89 (0.78 to 1.02) | 0.07 |
| Digestive system | 16.1 | 31.7 | 15.5 | 1.97 (1.58 to 2.46) | <0.0001 | 0.96 (0.82 to 1.12) | 0.62 |
| Skin/subcutaneous | 6.2 | 9.9 | 6.2 | 1.60 (1.07 to 2.39) | 0.03 | 1.00 (0.78 to 1.28) | 1.00 |
| Nervous system | 10.1 | 12.0 | 10.3 | 1.19 (0.97 to 1.45) | 0.10 | 1.02 (0.92 to 1.13) | 0.70 |
| Urogenital | 7.8 | 10.0 | 8.2 | 1.28 (0.86 to 1.90) | 0.26 | 1.05 (0.85 to 1.3) | 0.71 |
| Muscular or skeleton | 1.0 | – | – | – | – | – | – |
| Blood | 9.2 | 16.0 | 10.0 | 1.74 (1.28 to 2.38) | <0.0001 | 1.11 (0.92 to 1.35) | 0.30 |
| Circulatory | 2.0 | 6.8 | 2.5 | 3.25 (1.98 to 5.35) | <0.0001 | 1.25 (0.98 to 1.59) | 0.06 |
| Endocrine | 11.1 | 18.1 | 12.3 | 1.63 (1.22 to 2.18) | 0.0014 | 1.11 (0.93 to 1.32) | 0.27 |
| Mental/developmental | 1.7 | 5.1 | 2.3 | 3.02 (1.66 to 5.50) | <0.0001 | 1.35 (0.99 to 1.84) | 0.05 |
| Neoplasms | 1.0 | – | 1.2 | – | – | 1.21 (0.84 to 1.74) | 0.33 |
| Undefined signs | 11.2 | 20.5 | 10.7 | 1.84 (1.49 to 2.27) | <0.0001 | 0.96 (0.83 to 1.11) | 0.61 |
Data presented are infant hospitalisation incidence rates (counted new cases only for each outcome of interest) and crude RRs of infant hospitalisation comparing pregestational diabetes or gestation diabetes to non-diabetes; crude RRs are presented since maternal and infant characteristics did not affect the comparisons with each population group.
The pooled results for Cree and other First Nations were presented since the associations (RRs of infant hospitalisation) with maternal (pregestational or gestational) diabetes were similar for the two First Nations groups. The sample sizes (to the nearest 10) were 14 980 infants of First Nations mothers (640 pregestational diabetes, 1790 gestational diabetes, 12 550 no diabetes) and 48 200 infants of non-Indigenous mothers (530 pregestational diabetes, 2310 gestational diabetes, 45 160 no diabetes).
Not reportable (the number of events <10).
*P values for RRs in bold, p<0.0007 (Bonferroni correction for 68 tests).
GDM, gestational diabetes mellitus; ND, no diabetes; PGD, pregestational diabetes; RR, relative risk.