Table 3.
Adjusted rates ratios from Poisson regression models of mental disorder associated PHC consultations, hospitalisations and mortality by all sociodemographic variables
| Characteristics | PHC usage | Hospitalisation | Mortality | |||
| ARR | 95% CI | ARR | 95% CI | ARR | 95% CI | |
| Individual | ||||||
| Sex | ||||||
| Male | 1 (ref) | – | 1 (ref) | – | 1 (ref) | – |
| Female | 1.79*** | (1.69 to 1.89) | 0.57*** | (0.49 to 0.67) | 0.32*** | (0.25 to 0.42) |
| Race/colour | ||||||
| White | 1 (ref) | – | 1 (ref) | – | 1 (ref) | – |
| Black | 0.64*** | (0.60 to 0.68) | 0.93 | (0.75 to 1.15) | 1.68** | (1.19 to 2.37) |
| Pardo (mixed) | 0.87*** | (0.83 to 0.92) | 0.83* | (0.70 to 0.99) | 1.27 | (0.94 to 1.73) |
| Other | 0.86* | (0.74 to 1.00) | 0.55** | (0.37 to 0.83) | 0.78 | (0.29 to 2.19) |
| Education level | ||||||
| None/preschool/literacy class | 1 (ref) | – | 1 (ref) | – | 1 (ref) | – |
| Elementary | 0.89* | (0.81 to 0.97) | 0.92 | (0.70 to 1.22) | 0.86 | (0.60 to 1.24) |
| High school or higher education | 0.83*** | (0.76 to 0.92) | 0.78 | (0.57 to 1.07) | 0.53** | (0.34 to 0.85) |
| Age group (years) | ||||||
| 15–19 | 1 (ref) | – | 1 (ref) | – | 1 (ref) | – |
| 20–22 | 1.53*** | (1.32 to 1.77) | 3.09*** | (2.14 to 4.46) | 3.63** | (1.52 to 8.66) |
| 23–24 | 2.10*** | (1.76 to 2.51) | 4.71*** | (3.18 to 6.97) | 6.46*** | (2.71 to 15.43) |
| 25–29 | 2.97*** | (2.63 to 3.37) | 6.19*** | (4.29 to 8.93) | 4.97*** | (2.14 to 11.52) |
| 30–34 | 5.02*** | (4.47 to 5.65) | 8.94*** | (6.02 to 13.29) | 5.69*** | (2.36 to 13.67) |
| 35–39 | 6.85*** | (6.15 to 7.64) | 8.98*** | (6.21 to 13.00) | 5.48*** | (2.27 to 13.20) |
| 40–44 | 8.40*** | (7.55 to 9.36) | 9.28*** | (6.16 to 13.97) | 11.03*** | (4.96 to 24.54) |
| 45–49 | 9.94*** | (8.91 to 11.09) | 6.34*** | (4.32 to 9.29) | 9.07*** | (3.98 to 20.68) |
| 50–59 | 11.07*** | (10.00 to 12.26) | 5.83*** | (3.95 to 8.59) | 13.32*** | (6.15 to 28.85) |
| 60–69 | 10.01*** | (8.90 to 11.26) | 2.27*** | (1.43 to 3.58) | 17.96*** | (8.06 to 40.06) |
| 70+ | 5.69*** | (4.91 to 6.60) | 1.42 | (0.70 to 2.89) | 19.56*** | (7.96 to 48.06) |
| Disability | ||||||
| No | 1 (ref) | – | 1 (ref) | – | 1 (ref) | – |
| Yes | 2.96*** | (2.76 to 3.18) | 13.71*** | (11.42 to 16.46) | 1.73* | (1.05 to 2.86) |
| Unemployed | ||||||
| No | 1 (ref) | – | 1 (ref) | – | 1 (ref) | – |
| Yes | 1.61*** | (1.53 to 1.69) | 2.11*** | (1.78 to 2.49) | 1.19 | (0.86 to 1.66) |
| Household | ||||||
| Deciles of income | ||||||
| Q1 (poorest) | 1 (ref) | – | 1 (ref) | – | 1 (ref) | – |
| Q2 | 0.96 | (0.86 to 1.06) | 0.79 | (0.57 to 1.08) | 0.77 | (0.49 to 1.22) |
| Q3 | 0.91 | (0.82 to 1.01) | 0.82 | (0.60 to 1.11) | 0.67 | (0.42 to 1.08) |
| Q4 | 0.98 | (0.88 to 1.09) | 0.72* | (0.53 to 0.99) | 0.56* | (0.34 to 0.92) |
| Q5 | 0.90* | (0.81 to 1.00) | 0.65** | (0.48 to 0.89) | 0.52* | (0.31 to 0.87) |
| Q6 | 0.85** | (0.76 to 0.94) | 0.72 | (0.50 to 1.04) | 0.40** | (0.22 to 0.72) |
| Q7 | 0.91 | (0.82 to 1.01) | 0.96 | (0.65 to 1.41) | 0.40** | (0.22 to 0.71) |
| Q8 | 0.88* | (0.79 to 0.98) | 1.02 | (0.71 to 1.46) | 0.55* | (0.33 to 0.92) |
| Q9 | 0.94 | (0.85 to 1.04) | 1.03 | (0.73 to 1.45) | 0.35** | (0.19 to 0.64) |
| Q10 (richest) | 1.08 | (0.96 to 1.21) | 1.84** | (1.25 to 2.70) | 0.6 | (0.35 to 1.01) |
| Household | ||||||
| Bolsa Família-claiming family | ||||||
| No | 1 (ref) | – | 1 (ref) | – | 1 (ref) | – |
| Yes | 1.01 | (0.95 to 1.07) | 1.22* | (1.00 to 1.49) | 1.18 | (0.87 to 1.60) |
| Family members per bedroom | ||||||
| 2 or fewer | 1 (ref) | – | 1 (ref) | – | 1 (ref) | – |
| More than 2, 3 or fewer | 0.85*** | (0.80 to 0.90) | 0.68*** | (0.55 to 0.83) | 1.16 | (0.84 to 1.61) |
| More than 3, 4 or fewer | 0.76*** | (0.70 to 0.81) | 0.61*** | (0.48 to 0.79) | 0.94 | (0.64 to 1.39) |
| More than 4 | 0.82*** | (0.76 to 0.90) | 0.67* | (0.49 to 0.93) | 1 | (0.68 to 1.48) |
| Household flooring material | ||||||
| Soil | 1 (ref) | – | 1 (ref) | – | 1 (ref) | – |
| Cement | 1.19*** | (1.09 to 1.28) | 0.51*** | (0.40 to 0.65) | 1 | (0.66 to 1.52) |
| Repurposed wood | 1.1 | (0.95 to 1.27) | 0.76 | (0.49 to 1.17) | 1.11 | (0.43 to 2.85) |
| Ceramics/tiles | 1.13** | (1.05 to 1.22) | 0.49*** | (0.39 to 0.62) | 0.96 | (0.65 to 1.41) |
| Other | 1.06 | (0.90 to 1.25) | 1.22 | (0.79 to 1.86) | 2.05* | (1.03 to 4.05) |
| Piped water access | ||||||
| No | 1 (ref) | – | 1 (ref) | – | 1 (ref) | – |
| Yes | 0.72*** | (0.61 to 0.84) | 0.73 | (0.48 to 1.12) | 0.63 | (0.37 to 1.09) |
| Formal employment in the family | ||||||
| No | 1 (ref) | – | 1 (ref) | – | 1 (ref) | – |
| Yes | 0.92** | (0.86 to 0.98) | 0.76* | (0.59 to 0.96) | 0.98 | (0.65 to 1.46) |
| Quintiles of per capita expenditure on medicines | ||||||
| Q1 (least) | 1 (ref) | – | 1 (ref) | – | 1 (ref) | – |
| Q2 | 1.12** | (1.04 to 1.20) | 1.07 | (0.77 to 1.48) | 1.27 | (0.81 to 2.00) |
| Q3 | 1.20*** | (1.11 to 1.31) | 0.88 | (0.66 to 1.18) | 0.88 | (0.48 to 1.63) |
| Q4 | 1.30*** | (1.18 to 1.44) | 0.76 | (0.54 to 1.07) | 1.4 | (0.77 to 2.54) |
| Q5 (most) | 1.43*** | (1.28 to 1.59) | 0.71 | (0.49 to 1.04) | 1.34 | (0.70 to 2.57) |
| Quintiles of per capita expenditure on food | ||||||
| Q1 (least) | 1 (ref) | – | 1 (ref) | – | 1 (ref) | – |
| Q2 | 0.80*** | (0.75 to 0.86) | 0.57*** | (0.46 to 0.71) | 0.66* | (0.46 to 0.95) |
| Q3 | 0.80*** | (0.74 to 0.85) | 0.62*** | (0.50 to 0.78) | 0.62* | (0.42 to 0.92) |
| Q4 | 0.80*** | (0.74 to 0.86) | 0.58*** | (0.45 to 0.75) | 0.58* | (0.38 to 0.88) |
| Q5 (most) | 0.80*** | (0.74 to 0.87) | 0.53*** | (0.40 to 0.70) | 0.56* | (0.36 to 0.88) |
| Total observations (N) | 1 243 932 | 1 243 932 | 1 243 932 | |||
Separate fully adjusted Poisson regressions per outcome (PHC usage (ESF registered users only), hospitalisation and mortality); adjusted for sex, race/colour, education level, age group, disability, unemployment, household per capita income decile, number of family members per bedroom, household flooring, household piped water access, formal employment in the family, Bolsa Família-receiving family, quintiles of household expenditure on medicines and food.
Robust SEs. *p<0.05; **p<0.01; *** p<0.001.
ARR, adjusted rate ratios; PHC, primary healthcare.