Table 3.
Lifestyle, anthropometrical measures and laboratory values at baseline associated with clinical tophus at baseline and flares during the study
| Tophus at baseline | Serum urate target achieved (<360 µmol/L) year 2 | Flare during year 2 | |||||||
| Tophus not present (n=176) | Tophus present (n=35) | P value | Yes (n=136) | No (n=37) | P value | No flare (n=128) | Flare (n=45) | P value | |
| Age, mean±years | 55.3 (13.7) | 61.9 (13.5) | 0.004 | 58.3 (13.1) | 51.6 (14.1) | 0.004 | 56.8 (13.9) | 57.1 (13.0) | 0.45 |
| Disease duration, mean±years | 7.1 (6.7) | 11.7 (10.5) | <0.001 | 8.3 (8.9) | 8.0 (7.8) | 0.40 | 8.1 (8.2) | 8.8 (6.5) | 0.31 |
| Comorbidities, mean±SD | 3.7 (3.3) | 3.8 (2.9) | 0.39 | 3.9 (3.2) | 3.2 (3.7) | 0.15 | 3.7 (3.3) | 3.8 (3.4) | 0.45 |
| Lifestyle | |||||||||
| Smoking daily | 21 (12.1) | 2 (5.7) | 0.59 | 10 (7.5) | 5 (13.9) | 0.58 | 14 (10.9) | 1 (2.4) | 0.12 |
| Alcohol ≥weekly | 106 (61.6) | 22 (62.9) | 0.89 | 85 (63.9) | 19 (52.8) | 0.22 | 80 (63.0) | 24 (57.1) | 0.50 |
| Sugar-sweetened soft drink daily | 70 (40.5) | 10 (29.4) | 0.23 | 44 (33.1) | 21 (58.3) | 0.006 | 49 (38.6) | 16 (38.1) | 0.96 |
| Physical activity >3 times weekly | 53 (30.8) | 10 (28.6) | 0.79 | 45 (33.1) | 10 (29.4) | 0.68 | 37 (29.1) | 18 (41.9) | 0.12 |
| Anthropometric measures | |||||||||
| Body mass index, mean±kg/m2 | 28.6 (4.5) | 29.8 (4.7) | 0.08 | 28.4 (4.3) | 30.7 (5.9) | 0.003 | 29.2 (4.5) | 28.1 (4.7) | 0.10 |
| Waist circumference, mean±cm | 104.5 (12.4) | 110.2 (12.1) | 0.007 | 104.5 (12.0) | 110.0 (11.6) | 0.007 | 106.0 (12.0) | 104.5 (12.7) | 0.23 |
| Waist-to-hight ratio, mean±SD | 0.58 (0.07) | 0.61 (0.07) | 0.014 | 0.58 (0.07) | 0.61 (0.07) | 0.01 | 0.59 (0.07) | 0.58 (0.07) | 0.24 |
| BMI category (kg/m2) | 0.30 | 0.03 | 0.15 | ||||||
| Normal <25 | 38 (21.7) | 6 (17.1) | 29 (21.5) | 4 (10.8) | 20 (15.7) | 13 (28.9) | |||
| Overweight 25–30 | 81 (46.3) | 13 (37.1) | 64 (47.4) | 13 (35.1) | 60 (47.2) | 17 (37.8) | |||
| Obese >30 | 56 (32.0) | 16 (45.7) | 37 (32.2) | 28 (40.0) | 77 (37.0) | 15 (33.3) | |||
| Waist circumference category | 0.03 | 0.07 | 0.38 | ||||||
| Normal | 27 (15.4) | 2 (5.7) | 23 (17.0) | 1 (2.7) | 15 (11.8) | 9 (20.0) | |||
| Increased | 55 (31.4) | 6 (17.1) | 37 (27.4) | 10 (27.0) | 35 (27.6) | 12 (26.7) | |||
| High | 93 (53.1) | 27 (77.1) | 75 (55.6) | 26 (70.3) | 77 (60.8) | 24 (53.3) | |||
| Laboratory values | |||||||||
| Cholesterol, mean±mmol/L | 5.2 (1.3) | 5.3 (1.6) | 0.43 | 5.2 (1.3) | 5.1 (1.1) | 0.36 | 5.0 (1.2) | 5.6 (1.2) | 0.008 |
| HDL-C, mean±mmol/L | 1.27 (0.39) | 1.26 (0.29) | 0.46 | 1.30 (0.41) | 1.13 (0.28) | 0.01 | 1.27 (0.40) | 1.25 (0.36) | 0.37 |
| LDL-C, mean±mmol/L | 2.95 (1.09) | 2.89 (0.98) | 0.39 | 2.94 (1.11) | 2.87 (1.01) | 0.38 | 2.76 (1.04) | 3.39 (1.09) | <0.001 |
| Triglycerides, mean mmol/L | 2.26 (1.29) | 2.28 (1.66) | 0.46 | 2.18 (1.24) | 2.56 (1.46) | 0.057 | 2.24 (1.30) | 2.29 (1.30) | 0.43 |
| Creatinine, mean µmol/L | 94 (18) | 105 (21) | <0.001 | 98 (18) | 91 (15) | 0.018 | 95 (17) | 99 (20) | 0.07 |
| eGFR (mL/min per 1.73 m2 | 80 (90) | 68 (17) | <0.001 | 76 (18) | 85 (11) | 0.002 | 78 (18) | 75 (18) | 0.16 |
| ESR, mean±mm/hour | 14.5 (14) | 14.7 (15) | 0.47 | 14 (14) | 16 (15) | 14 (14) | 14 (14) | 17 (15) | 0.11 |
| Serum urate, mean±µmol/L | 489 (77) | 506 (81) | 0.30 | 492 (77) | 521 (93) | 492 (77) | 496 (81) | 504 (78) | 0.28 |
Values are numbers (%) unless indicated otherwise. t-test or Pearson’s χ2 or Fisher’s exact test. Statistically significant p values are in bold.
eGFR, electronic glomerular filtration rate; ESR, erythrocyte sedimentation rate; HDL-C, high density lipoprotein cholesterol; LDL-C, low density lipoprotein cholesterol.