Table 3.
Headache-related symptoms and characteristics: Bivariable association with receiving ED neuroimaging.
| Symptom or characteristic | n (%) | Received ED neuroimaging if symptom or characteristic was present, n/N (%) | Received ED neuroimaging if symptom or characteristic was absent, n/N (%) | RR (95% CI) | Clinician “unsure” whether symptom or characteristic present, n (%) | Missing |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age 2–6 years old | 26 (11.6) | 9/26 (34.6) | 65/133 (32.8) | 1.1 (0.6, 1.9) | 0 | 0 |
| Vomiting1 | 71 (31.7) | 37/71 (52.1) | 37/153 (24.2) | 2.2 (1.5, 3.1) | 0 | 0 |
| Vomiting with, or soon after, waking in the morning1 | 13 (5.8) | 12/13 (92.3) | 59/207 (28.5) | 3.2 (2.4, 4.2) | 4 (1.8) | 0 |
| Vomiting awakens patient from sleep1 | 11 (4.9) | 6/11 (54.5) | 66/210 (31.4) | 1.7 (1, 3.1) | 3(1.3) | 0 |
| Neck pain | 29 (12.9) | 12/29 (41.4) | 62/195(31.8) | 1.3 (0.8, 2.1) | 0 | 0 |
| Neck stiffness | 7 (3.1) | 3/7 (42.9) | 71/217 (32.7) | 1.3 (0.5, 3.1) | 0 | 0 |
| Focal motor weakness2 | 9 (4) | 7/9 (77.8) | 67/148 (31.2) | 2.5 (1.7, 3.7) | 0 | 0 |
| Sensory changes2 | 21 (9.4) | 12/21 (57.1) | 62/203 (30.5) | 1.9 (1.2, 2.9) | 0 | 0 |
| Unsteadiness2 | 40 (17.9) | 22/40 (55) | 50/178 (28.1) | 2 (1.4, 2.8) | 3 (1.3) | 3 (1.3) |
| Abnormal movements, non-seizure2 | 12 (5.4) | 8/12 (66.7) | 66/212 (31.1) | 2.1 (1.4, 3.3) | 0 | 0 |
| Seizures2 | 0 | 0 | 0 | |||
| Episodes of confusion2 | 8 (3.6) | 4/8 (50) | 70/216 (32.4) | 1.5 (0.8, 3.2) | 0 | 0 |
| Double vision2 | 18 (8) | 9/18 (50) | 43/81 (34.7) | 1.4 (0.9, 2.4) | 6 (2.7) | 76 (33.9)3 |
| Brief or transient (“a few seconds”) episodes of vision loss2 | 16(7.1) | 7/16 (43.8) | 42/124 (33.9) | 1.3 (0.7, 2.4) | 7(3.1) | 77 (34.4)3 |
| -Occurs with coughing, sneezing, straining, any Valsalva maneuver, or bending over | 5 (2.2) | 1/5 (20) | 2/7 (28.6) | 0.7 (0.1, 5.8) | 0 | 4 (1.8) |
| Hearing problems2 | 4 (1.8) | 1/4 (25) | 73/220 (33.2) | 0.7 (0.1, 4.2) | 0 | 0 |
| Declining school performance2 | 5 (2.2) | 4/5 (80) | 70/149 (32) | 2.5 (1.6, 4) | 0 | 0 |
| Behavior, mood, or personality change2 | 10 (4.5) | 6/10 (60) | 68/214 (31.8) | 1.9 (1.1, 3.2) | 0 | 0 |
1
Associated with presenting and/or prior headaches.
2
Within the past 6 months of index ED visit.
3
This variable was not collected until starting with patient 74.