Table 1.
Most common complications and mortality rates due to typhoid intestinal perforation in LMIC as reported in the literature
| Country | Study years | Author | Top three complications | Mortality rate n (%) |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| LMIC other than Nigeria | ||||
| Abidjan, Ivory Coast | 1990–2000 | Kouame et al. | Surgical Site Infections (SSI), Enterocutaneous Fistula (ECF), Incisional hernia | 3 (6) |
| Kumasi, Ghana | 1995–1997 | Abantanga et al. | SSI, Wound dehiscence, chest infection | 15 (12.4) |
| Bangui, Central African Republic | 1997–1998 | Bobossi Se´re´ngbe´ et al. | SSI, incisional hernia, evisceration | 9 (29) |
| Kumasi, Ghana | 2001–2005 | Abantanga et al. | Sepsis, postoperative continuing peritonitis, wound infection and wound dehiscence | 82 (12.6) |
| Bamako, Mali | 2005–2010 | Coulibaly et al. | (Could not find full text article in English) | 16 (15.2) |
| Tanzania* | 2006—2011 | Chalya et al. | SSI, chest infection, septic shock | 24 (23.1) |
| Zinder, Niger | 2013–2015 | Adamou et al. | (Could not find full text article in English) | 22 (14.4) |
| Pakistan | 2016–2019 | Azhar et al. | SSI, intra-abdominal collection, burst abdomen | 12 (12.37) |
| Nigeria | ||||
| Ilorin, Nigeria | 1984–1999 | Rahman et a.l | SSI, ECF | 25 (23.6) |
| Ibadan, Nigeria | 1985–2000 | Irabor | SSI, wound dehiscence, incisional hernia | 39 (21.3) |
| Zaria, Nigeria | 1987–1996 | Ameh | SSI, chest infection, wound dehiscence | 25 (39) |
| Benin City, Nigeria | 1993–2007 | Osifo et al. | ECF, SSI, evisceration | 9 (75) |
| Ile-Ife, Nigeria | 1994–2004 | Usang et al. | SSI, wound dehiscence, intra-abdominal abscess, and ECF (equal percentage for last two) | 9 (23.7) |
| Enugu, Nigeria | 1995–2004 | Ekenze et al. | SSI, chest infection, re-perforation | 17 (19.1) |
| Jos, Nigeria | 1996–2005 | Uba et al. | SSI, wound dehiscence, chest infection | 42 (22.8) |
| Enugu, Nigeria | 2001–2006 | Ekenze et al. | SSI, chest infection, wound dehiscence | 21 (25.3) |
| Ilorin, Nigeria | 2002–2009 | Nasir et al. | ECF, wound dehiscence, evisceration | 16 (10.4) |
| Azare, Nigeria | 2004–2008 | Nuhu et al. | SSI, re-perforation, wound dehiscence | 13 (28.3) |
| Ife, Nigeria | 2005–2013 | Talabi et al. | SSI, wound dehiscence, evisceration | 9 (20) |
| Calabar, Nigeria | 2006–2015 | Usang et al. | SSI, chest infection, ECF | 4 (8.2) |
| Kano, Nigeria | 2007–2012 | Ibrahim et al. | SSI, ECF, evisceration | 42 (4.6) |
| Enugu, Nigeria | 2008–2009 | Ekenze et al. | SSI, wound dehiscence, incisional hernia | 3 (13.6) |
| Ado-Ekiti, Nigeria | 2008–2010 | Adegoke et al. | (Not mentioned) | 6 (12.8) |
| Kano, Nigeria | 2009–2013 | Anyanwu et al. | SSI, wound dehiscence, evisceration | 14 (10.9) |
| Ibadan, Nigeria | 2010–2017 | Ajao et al. | (Complications after surgery for typhoid ileal perforation not stated clearly as the paper focused on indications of bowel resection) | 1 (11.1) |
| Aba, Nigeria | 2016–2018 | Ekpemo et al. | SSI, chest infection, intra-abdominal abscess | 5 (8.3) |
| Nigeria | 2014 –2018 | Chukwubuike | SSI, chest infection, ECF | 3 (6.8) |
Many details of this table have been adapted from Birkhold et al. [18] study and then updated with additional studies and details.
*Patient population not limited to pediatric age group