Table 2.
Summary of studies (n = 32) on personal level of socio-ecological model (SEM) influencing physical activity during pregnancy.
| Level 1 | Study reference number | Total number | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Facilitator (+) | Barrier (−) | No association (0) | ? | + | − | 0 | ? | |
| 69 | 94 | 37 | 5 | |||||
| Socio-demographic and biological factors | 39 | 47 | 30 | 2 | ||||
| Age | (24)1,*, (34)2,*, (38)1,*, (47)2, (48)1,* | (36)2 | (28, 32, 37), (40)*, (41)2, (43, 54, 55) | 5 | 1 | 8 | ||
| Ethnicity | (24), (31)*, (40)*, (41)3,*, | (30, 38)* | (28, 37, 47) | (27, 33) | 4 | 2 | 3 | 2 |
| Education | (24), (30)*, (34, 37, 39), (40)*, (41–43, 47–49, 51) | (32)a, (35)a, (36)a, (43)a, (46)a, (54)a | (28, 50), (55)* | 13 | 6 | 3 | ||
| Work | (34), (40, 45)*, (46, 49), (50)* | (25, 33), (36, 45)*,b, (53), (50)*,b, (51) | (28, 41, 43, 47, 54) | 6 | 7 | 5 | ||
| Married status | (34), (40)* | (28, 54, 47), (55)* | 2 | 4 | ||||
| Income | (24, 39, 48) | (27)*, (33)*, (39), (45)*, (51), (53)* | (41) | 3 | 6 | 1 | ||
| SES (family income) | (28)a, (51)a | 2 | ||||||
| Parity | (24, 26, 42, 49, 54) | (29)c, (35), (36)c, (39), (43)c | (41)d | 5 | 5 | 1 | ||
| Pregnancy discomforts | (25, 27, 28, 32, 33, 35, 43, 44, 51–53), (55)* | 12 | ||||||
| BMI | (48)* | (25)*, (26)*, (30)*, (35)a, (43), (51) | (28, 41, 54), (50, 55)* | 1 | 6 | 5 | ||
| Behavioral factors | 12 | 20 | 5 | 0 | ||||
| Smoking | (41) | (48) | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Previous physical activity | (26, 29, 33, 35, 39, 41, 46, 48), (50)*, (53) | (28), (32), (36)d,*, (39)d, (50)d,* | (30)*, (44) | 10 | 5 | 2 | ||
| Knowledge and skills | (29), (49) | (27)d, (33)d, (44)d,*, (45)d, (46)d, (53)d, (55)d,* | 2 | 7 | ||||
| Diet | (45)* | (50)*, (51) | 1 | 2 | ||||
| Lack of time | (25, 27, 33, 39, 44, 53) | 6 | ||||||
| Psychological factors | 18 | 27 | 2 | 3 | ||||
| Physical activity attitude | (33), (42), (45)*, (51), (52) | (46)d | (44) | (27), (32) | 5 | 1 | 1 | 2 |
| Physical activity intention | (42) | (46)d | 1 | 1 | ||||
| Perceived benefits of physical activity | (29, 33, 35, 43, 46, 49, 51), (55)* | (27)d, (29)d, (45)*,d, (52)d | (44) | 8 | 4 | 1 | ||
| Barriers to physical activity | (35), (51), (55)* | 3 | ||||||
| Perceived behavioral control | (42, 52) | (28)d | 2 | 1 | ||||
| Motivation/goal | (27, 33) | (25)d, (51)d, (53)d, (55)*,d | (32) | 2 | 4 | 1 | ||
| Safety concerns | (25, 27, 29), (31)*, (33, 34, 44), (45)*, (46, 49, 51, 53), (55)* | 13 | ||||||
Level 1, Personal level; BMI, body mass index; SES, socio-economic status; “+”, facilitator; “−”, barrier; “0”, no association; “?”, indeterminate association; aThe factor is a barrier when is low (such as: the education is a barrier when is low), bThe work is a barrier when is lose, cThe parity is first, dThe factor is a barrier when is lack (such as: motivation/goal is a barrier when is lack). 1older age, 2younger age, 3regions, *relates to MVPA.